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HandWiki. Inclusive Fitness. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36869 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Inclusive Fitness. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36869. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Inclusive Fitness" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36869 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 28). Inclusive Fitness. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36869
HandWiki. "Inclusive Fitness." Encyclopedia. Web. 28 November, 2022.
Inclusive Fitness
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Inclusive_fitness

In evolutionary biology, inclusive fitness is one of two metrics of evolutionary success as defined by W. D. Hamilton in 1964. An individual's own child, who carries one half of the individual's genes, is defined as one offspring equivalent. A sibling's child, who will carry one-quarter of the individual's genes, is 1/2 offspring equivalent. Similarly, a cousin's child, who has 1/16 of the individual's genes, is 1/8 offspring equivalent. From the gene's point of view, evolutionary success ultimately depends on leaving behind the maximum number of copies of itself in the population. Prior to Hamilton's work, it was generally assumed that genes only achieved this through the number of viable offspring produced by the individual organism they occupied. However, this overlooked a wider consideration of a gene's success, most clearly in the case of the social insects where the vast majority of individuals do not produce (their own) offspring.

inclusive fitness social insects biology

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