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Divide and rule (Latin: divide et impera), or divide and conquer, in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into pieces that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy. The use of this technique is meant to empower the sovereign to control subjects, populations, or factions of different interests, who collectively might be able to oppose its rule. Niccolò Machiavelli identifies a similar application to military strategy, advising in Book VI of The Art of War (1521) (L'arte della guerra): a Captain should endeavor with every act to divide the forces of the enemy. Machiavelli advises that this act should be achieved either by making him suspicious of his men in whom he trusted, or by giving him cause that he has to separate his forces, and, because of this, become weaker. The maxim divide et impera has been attributed to Philip II of Macedon. It was utilised by the Roman ruler Julius Caesar and the French emperor Napoleon (together with the maxim divide ut regnes). The strategy, but not the phrase, applies in many ancient cases: the example of Aulus Gabinius exists, parting the Jewish nation into five conventions, reported by Flavius Josephus in Book I, 169–170 of The Jewish War (De bello Judaico). Strabo also reports in Geographica, 8.7.3 that the Achaean League was gradually dissolved when it became part of the Roman province of Macedonia, as the Romans treated the various states differently, wishing to preserve some and to destroy others. The strategy of division and rule has been attributed to sovereigns, ranging from Louis XI of France to the House of Habsburg. Edward Coke denounces it in Chapter I of the Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England, reporting that when it was demanded by the Lords and Commons what might be a principal motive for them to have good success in Parliament, it was answered: "Eritis insuperabiles, si fueritis inseparabiles. Explosum est illud diverbium: Divide, & impera, cum radix & vertex imperii in obedientium consensu rata sunt." [You would be invincible if you were inseparable. This proverb, Divide and rule, has been rejected, since the root and the summit of authority are confirmed by the consent of the subjects.] In a minor variation, Sir Francis Bacon wrote the phrase "separa et impera" in a letter to James I of 15 February 1615. James Madison made this recommendation in a letter to Thomas Jefferson of 24 October 1787, which summarized the thesis of The Federalist#10: "Divide et impera, the reprobated axiom of tyranny, is under certain (some) qualifications, the only policy, by which a republic can be administered on just principles." In Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch by Immanuel Kant (1795), Appendix one, Divide et impera is the third of three political maxims, the others being Fac et excusa (Act now, and make excuses later) and Si fecisti, nega (If you commit a crime, deny it). Elements of this technique involve: Historically, this strategy was used in many different ways by empires seeking to expand their territories. Immanuel Kant was an advocate of this tactic, noting that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution which pits opposing factions against each other with a system of checks and balances. The concept is also mentioned as a strategy for market action in economics to get the most out of the players in a competitive market.
References
- Xypolia, Ilia (2016). "Divide et Impera: Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism". Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 44 (3): 221–231. doi:10.1080/03017605.2016.1199629. https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2164/9956/Xypolia_Divide_et_Impera_Vertical_and_Horizontal_imperialism.pdf. p. 221.
- 1 §136 and 2 §225 https://archive.org/details/imgGI273MiscellaneaOpal/page/n151
- "Narcissistic Mothers Divide and Conquer | The Narcissist In Your Life" (in en-US). https://thenarcissistinyourlife.com/narcissistic-mothers-divide-and-conquer-2/.
- Brown, Nina W.. Children of the self-absorbed: a grown-up's guide to getting over narcissistic parents (2nd ed.). Oakland, CA. ISBN 978-1-57224-561-7. OCLC 191758324. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191758324
- McBride, Karyl (2008). Will I ever be good enough?: healing the daughters of narcissistic mothers (1st Free Press hbk ed.). New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-5132-4. OCLC 180755960. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/180755960
- Covert, Theresa J.. Gaslighting The Narcissist's Favorite Tool Of Manipulation How To Avoid The Gaslight Effect and Recover from Emotional and Narcissistic Abuse. ISBN 978-1-0824-3937-7. OCLC 1176281612. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1176281612
- Boddy, C. R. Corporate Psychopaths: Organizational Destroyers (2011) https://books.google.com/books?id=C0l9DAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
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- Shashi Tharoor - Inglorious Empire What the British Did to India
- Wilson, Jon, 2016, India Conquered: Britain's Raj and the chaos of empire, cited in a review of Tharoor's work by Elizabeth Buettner in "Debt of Honour: why the European impact on India must be fully acknowledged", Times Literary Supplement, August 11, 2017, pages 13-14.
- "The truth about Pakistan" (in en). The Nation. http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/02-Mar-2013/the-truth-about-pakistan.
- "The Pentagon plan to 'divide and rule' the Muslim world" (in en). Middle East Eye. http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/pentagon-plan-divide-and-rule-muslim-world-1690265165.
- Pernin, Christopher G. (2008). "Unfolding the Future of the Long War". US Army Training and Doctrine Command's Army Capability Integration Center. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG738.pdf.
- Cheterian, Vicken (2016). "Denial of violence. Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians 1789–2009, Fatma Müge Göçek, New York, Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 656, US$78.00 (hardback), HC 978-0199334209". Nationalities Papers 44 (4): 652–654. doi:10.1080/00905992.2016.1158006. "Yet, irony of history, instead of chasing the Armenians from the eastern provinces to make a new home for the Balkan Muslim refugees, they practically eliminated Armenians and consolidated an ethnic Kurdish presence in eastern Anatolia. Having lost the capacity to practice imperial policies of “divide and rule,” today Turkey finds itself face-to-face with Kurdish nationalism.". https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2016.1158006
- Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, 8.46.2
- "France: The Roman conquest". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/41196/The-press. ""Because of chronic internal rivalries, Gallic resistance was easily broken, though Vercingetorix's Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes.""
- "Julius Caesar: The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88114/Julius-Caesar/9735/The-first-triumvirate-and-the-conquest-of-Gaul. ""Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states. Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late.""
- Edmund Maurice, C. (11 December 2019). "The Revolutionary Movement of 1848-9 in Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany: With Some Examination of the Previous Thirty-three Years". https://books.google.com/books?id=RSHEDwAAQBAJ&q=divide+et+impera.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert (18 June 2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition. ISBN 9781442698796. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&q=1848+%22divide+et+impera%22&pg=PA435.
- Grob-Fitzgibbon, Benjamin (2011). Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-230-30038-5.
- Jordan, Preston Lim (2018). The Evolution of British Counter-Insurgency during the Cyprus Revolt, 1955–1959. Springer. p. 58. ISBN 9783319916200.
- "International Justice: The Case of Cyprus". Washington, D.C.: The HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/constantine-tzanos/international-justice-the_b_9934090.html.
- McGreevy, Ronan. "100 years ago today the partition of Ireland was made official" (in en). https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/100-years-ago-today-the-partition-of-ireland-was-made-official-1.4444655.
- University, Stanford (2019-03-08). "Partition of 1947 continues to haunt India, Pakistan" (in en). https://news.stanford.edu/2019/03/08/partition-1947-continues-haunt-india-pakistan-stanford-scholar-says/.
- Harry G. Broadman (29 June 2018). "We All Should Worry About Trump's 'Divide And Conquer' Trade Policy". https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrybroadman/2018/06/29/we-all-should-worry-about-trumps-divide-and-conquer-trade-policy/. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
