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References

1. National Academies Press:Biographical Memoirs:Edward Purdy Ney; By Robert D. Gehrz, Frank B. McDonald, and John E. Naugle http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=biomems&page=eney.html
2. DeVorkin, David (Feb 29, 1984). "Interview of Edward P. Ney". American Institute of Physics. http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/28322.html. Retrieved 2012-01-31. 
3. "Obituary of Howard B. Moffitt". Dec 19, 2002. http://iagenweb.org/boards/johnson/obituaries/index.cgi?read=17986. Retrieved 2012-02-01. 
4. "A young Alfred Nier holds his mass spectrometer". UMN College of Science and Technology. 2010. http://www.physics.umn.edu/about/history/. Retrieved 2012-02-01. 
5. Reynolds, John H. (May 1994). "Biographical Memoirs:Alfred O. C. Nier". National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/anier.html. Retrieved 2012-02-01. 
6. National Academies Press:Biographical Memoirs:Jesse Wakefield Beams; By Walter Gordy http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=577&page=1
7. Ney, Edward; Fontaine Armistead (1947). "The Self-Diffusion Coefficient of Uranium Hexaflouride". Physical Review 71 (1): 14–19. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.71.14. Bibcode: 1947PhRv...71...14N. http://www.mendeley.com/research/selfdiffusion-coefficient-uranium-hexafluoride-1/. Retrieved 2012-02-01. 
8. Note that the mathematician John Tate is the son of this person.
9. Sullivan, Connie. "John T. Tate; Biography". https://sites.google.com/a/comogreenvillage.info/como-history/home/people-of-the-past-documents/como-people-of-the-past/john-t-tate. Retrieved 2012-02-02. 
10. "Otto C. Winzen". StratoCat. http://stratocat.com.ar/stratopedia/1.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-04. 
11. "Fact Sheet: Ilford Nuclear Emulsions". HARMON Technology Limited. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20120204205614/http://www.ilfordphoto.com/Webfiles/2006214150271441.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-04. 
12. Waddington, C. J.. "Phyllis S. Freier (1921 - 1992)". University of California Los Angeles. http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Freier,_Phyllis_S.@921234567.html. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
13. Freier, Phyllis; E. J. Lofgren; E. P. Ney; F. Oppenheimer; H. L. Bradt; B. Peters (Jun 8, 1948). "Evidence of Heavy Nuclei in the Primary Cosmic Radiation". Physical Review 74 (2): 213–217. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.74.213. Bibcode: 1948PhRv...74..213F. http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/american-physical-society-aps/evidence-for-heavy-nuclei-in-the-primary-cosmic-radiation-D0aucsLll9?articleList=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DEvidence%2Bof%2BHeavy%2BNuclei%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPrimary%2BCosmic%2BRadiation. Retrieved 2012-02-02. 
14. Freier, Phyllis; E. J. Lofgren; E. P. Ney; F. Oppenheimer; H. L. Bradt; B. Peters (Jun 8, 1948). "The Heavy Component of Primary Cosmic Rays". Physical Review 74 (12): 1818–1827. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.74.1818. Bibcode: 1948PhRv...74.1818F.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.74.1818
15. Kinsey A., Anderson (2002). "John Randolph Winckler". Biographical Memoirs. 81. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. pp. 356–377. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10470&page=356. Retrieved 2012-02-21. 
16. Critchfield, C. L.; E. P. Ney; Sophie Oleksa (Jun 6, 1950). "The Electrons in Cosmic Rays". Physical Review 79 (2): 402–403. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.79.402.2. Bibcode: 1950PhRv...79..402C.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.79.402.2
17. Earl, James A. (Dec 16, 1960). "Cloud-Chamber Observations of Primary Cosmic-Ray Electrons". Physical Review Letters 6 (3): 125–128. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.125. Bibcode: 1961PhRvL...6..125E. http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/american-physical-society-aps/cloud-chamber-observations-of-primary-cosmic-ray-electrons-HJrRNPkl0m?articleList=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DCloud-Chamber%2BObservations%2Bof%2BPrimary%2BCosmic-Ray%2BElectrons. Retrieved 2012-12-09. 
18. Linsley, John (Aug 1954). "Measurement of Multiply Charged Cosmic Rays by a new Technique". Armed Forces Technical Information Agency. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0043705. Retrieved 2012-02-04. 
19. McDonald, Frank B. (March 1956). "Direct Determination Of Primary Cosmic Ray Alpha Particle Energy Spectrum By New Method (See p 44.)". Department of Physics, State University of Iowa. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/091693.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-16. 
20. Ney, Edward; Winckler, John (1956). Final Report: Research and Development in the Field of High Altitude plastic Balloons, Vol XVI. University of Minnesota. 
21. Welzenbach, Donald E. (Aug 6, 2008). "Project Gentrix". CIA. http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000253109.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
22. Ney, Edward P. (15 June – 22 December 1952). "Progress Report on Research and Development in the Field of High Altitude Plastic Balloons". AD 20132 (Armed Forces Technical Information Agency) V. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD0020132. Retrieved 2012-02-09. 
23. Patents of the Minnesota balloon project: 2759692,2783002, 2872808, 2900147,2907843, 2924147, 2942804, 2961194, 2977069, 3014369, 3018069,3037100, 3047252, 3063656, 3063657, 3069114, 3070335, 3072367,3084546, 3093351, 3195834; US Patent and Trademark Office http://www.google.com/patents/US2759692?dq=2759692
24. Patent 2900147: Duct Appendix Balloon, US Patent and Trademark Office http://www.google.com/patents/US2900147?dq=2900147
25. Patent 3063656: Plastic Cylinder Balloon, US Patent and Trademark Office http://www.google.com/patents/US3063656?dq=3063656
26. Patent 2977069: Balloon Launching Method And Apparatus, US Patent and Trademark Office http://www.google.com/patents/US2977069?dq=2977069
27. Patent 3047252: Balloon And Method Of Manufacturing The Same, US Patent and Trademark Office http://www.google.com/patents/US3047252?dq=3047252
28. "News stories about the record flight of Sep 7, 1956". Sep 7, 1956. https://news.google.com/news/story?gl=us&hl=en&as_occt=any&as_drrb=b&authuser=0&q=balloon+record&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=a6dtB1igK7NRs0M&ei=BD8wT-viA-jL0QGI3fjDCg&sa=X&oi=news_result&ct=more-results&resnum=1&ved=0CDQQqgIwAA. Retrieved 2012-02-06. 
29. "History of University of Minnesota Airport, New Brighton, MN". StratoCat. http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/44e.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-09. 
30. "Twin Cities, MN: The May 6, 1965 Tornadoes". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. http://www.crh.noaa.gov/mpx/HistoricalEvents/1965May06/index.php. Retrieved 2012-02-09. 
31. Bohl, Leland S. (Dec 1954). "The Light Elements in Cosmic Rays: A Double-Scintillation-Counter Experiment". Armed Forces Technical Information Agency. http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0066415. Retrieved 2012-02-04. 
32. Ney, Edward P.; Raymond W. Maas; William F. Huch (February 1961). "The Measurement of Atmospheric Temperature". Journal of Meteorology 18 (1): 60 80. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1961)018<0060:TMOAT>2.0.CO;2. Bibcode: 1961JAtS...18...60N.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281961%29018%3C0060%3ATMOAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2
33. Ney, Edward P. (Dec 1954). "Joint operation with Winzen Research, Inc. for Skyhook flights at Pyote Air Force Base". Armed Forces Technical Information Agency. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/024204.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-14. 
34. "History of Shyhook Churchill, Churchill Manitoba". StratoCat. http://stratocat.com.ar/bases/21e.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-09. 
35. Long, Tom (Dec 21, 2004). "Alvin Howell obituary". http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2004/12/21/alvin_howell_96_professor_led_spy_balloon_project/. Retrieved 2012-02-15. 
36. Goldman, Jana (Oct 31, 2003). "Symposium honors Jim Angell". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2003/oct03/noaa03-r512.html. Retrieved 2012-02-15. 
37. Trimble, Virginia (Aug 26, 1996). "Martin Schwarzschild (1912-1977)". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 109: 1289–1297. doi:10.1086/134011. Bibcode: 1997PASP..109.1289T.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F134011
38. Bawcom, Dwight. "A Short History of the NSBF". StratoCat. http://stratocat.com.ar/artics/nsbf-history-e.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-15. 
39. Mantis, Homer T.; W. F. Huch (Aug 1959). "Meteorological Studies Using Constant Altitude Balloons". University of Minnesota, School Of Physics And Astronomy. http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0229829. Retrieved 2012-02-16. 
40. Patent 3084546: Wire Thermometer, US Patent and Trademark Office http://www.google.com/patents?id=qOlzAAAAEBAJ&printsec=frontcover
41. Patent 3014369: Atmospheric Infrared Radiation Detector, US Patent and Trademark Office http://www.google.com/patents/US3014369?printsec=drawing#v=onepage&q&f=false
42. Ruttenberg, Stanley. "US Program for the IGY, 1957/58 (See footnote p 39)". National Academy of Sciences. http://nsidc.org/rocs/archives-catalog/index.php?p=digitallibrary/digitalcontent&id=345. Retrieved 2012-02-20. 
43. Sullivan, Walter (December 2, 1989). "Serge Korff, Physicist, Dies at 83; Pioneer in Cosmic Ray Research". https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/02/obituaries/serge-korff-physicist-dies-at-83-pioneer-in-cosmic-ray-research.html. Retrieved 2012-03-10. 
44. "Neher, H. Victor (Henry Victor)". National Endowment for the Humanities. Archived from the original on 2012-12-15. https://archive.is/20121215184849/http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=neher-h-victor-henry-victor-cr.xml. Retrieved 2012-03-10. 
45. Winckler, J. R.; L. Peterson; R. Arnoldy; R. Hoffman (5 February 1958). "X-Rays from Visible Aurorae at Minneapolis". Physical Review 110 (6): 1221–1231. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.110.1221. Bibcode: 1958PhRv..110.1221W.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.110.1221
46. Peterson, L.; J. R. Winckler (25 August 1958). "Short γ-Ray Burst from a Solar Flare". Physical Review Letters 1 (6): 205–206. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.1.205. Bibcode: 1958PhRvL...1..205P.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.1.205
47. Freier, P. S.; E. P. Ney; P. H. Fowler (May 10, 1958). "Cosmic Rays and the Sunspot Cycle: Primary α-Particle Intensity at Sunspot Maximum". Nature 181 (4619): 1319–1321. doi:10.1038/1811319a0. Bibcode: 1958Natur.181.1319F.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F1811319a0
48. Freier, P. S.; E. P. Ney; J. R. Winckler (22 May 1959). "Balloon Observation of Solar Cosmic Rays on March 26, 1958". Journal of Geophysical Research 64 (6): 685–688. doi:10.1029/JZ064i006p00685. Bibcode: 1959JGR....64..685F.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2FJZ064i006p00685
49. Jokipii, J. R. (2007). "Solar Energetic Particles". University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20080827230926/http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/SummerSchool07/lectures/jokipii/Jokipii1.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-20. 
50. Ney, Edward P. (February 14, 1959). "Cosmic Radiation and the Weather". Nature 183 (4659): 451–452. doi:10.1038/183451a0. Bibcode: 1959Natur.183..451N.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F183451a0
51. Kellett, Barry J. (April 18–20, 2001). "The Production Of Atmospheric Nitric Oxide By Cosmic Rays & Solar Energetic Particles". in Kirkby, J.. Workshop on Ion-Aerosol-Cloud-Interactions. Geneva: CERN. http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/557179/files/p139.pdf. 
52. Kellogg, Paul J.; Edward P. Ney (9 May 1959). "A New Theory of the Solar Corona". Nature 183 (4671): 1297–1301. doi:10.1038/1831297a0. Bibcode: 1959Natur.183.1297K.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F1831297a0
53. Ney, E. P.; Huch, W. F.; Maas, R. W.; Thorness, R. (June 24, 1960). "Eclipse Polarimeter". Astrophysical Journal 132: 812. doi:10.1086/146984. Bibcode: 1960ApJ...132..812N.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F146984
54. Sanders, Paul (July 12, 1996). "Acclaimed U physicist, professor dies". Minnesota Daily. http://www.mndaily.com/1996/07/12/acclaimed-u-physicist-professor-dies. Retrieved 2012-03-10. 
55. Ney, E. P.; W. F. Huch; P. J. Kellogg; W. Stein; F. Gillett (August 18, 1960). "Polarization and Intensity Studies of the Eclipse of October 2, 1959". Astrophysical Journal 133: 616–642. doi:10.1086/147065. Bibcode: 1961ApJ...133..616N.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F147065
56. Gillette, F. C.; Stein, W. A.; Ney, E. P. (July 1964). "Observations of the Solar Corona from the Limb of the Sun to the Zodiacal Light, July 20, 1963". Astrophysical Journal 140: 292–305. doi:10.1086/147918. Bibcode: 1964ApJ...140..292G.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F147918
57. Fisher, Lewis R. (May 15–16, 1963). "Ney's Modified Robot camera on Mercury MA-9 Mission". in Kleinknecht, Kenneth S.. Mercury Project Summary (NASA SP-45). NASA. pp. Chapter 12, p224; See Figure 12–11. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-45/ch12.htm. 
58. Cortright, Edgar M., ed (1968). "Man's Ventures Into Space". Exploring Space With A Camera. NASA. p. 140. SP-168. https://archive.org/stream/exploringspacewi00cort#page/140/mode/2up. 
59. "Inventory of the Edward Purdy Ney Papers, 1941-1996". University of Minnesota Archives. http://discover.lib.umn.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=umfa;cc=umfa;q1=Ney%20papers;rgn=main;view=text;didno=uarc1031. Retrieved 2012-02-16. 
60. Cortright, Edgar M., ed (1968). "Man's Ventures Into Space". Exploring Space With A Camera. NASA. p. 180. SP-168. https://archive.org/stream/exploringspacewi00cort#page/180/mode/2up. 
61. Okeefe, John A.; William F. Huch (May 15–16, 1963). "Observations of Space Phenomena". in Kleinknecht, Kenneth S.. Mercury Project Summary (NASA SP-45). NASA. pp. Chapter 19, p344. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-45/ch19.htm. 
62. J. G., Sparrow; E. P. Ney (March 15, 1968). "OSO-B2 Satellite Observations of Zodiacal Light". Astrophysical Journal 154: 783–788. doi:10.1086/149798. Bibcode: 1968ApJ...154..783S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F149798
63. History of Orbiting Solar Observatory OSO-2, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, April 1966, pp. 5–31, X-440-66-322 
64. Sparrow, J. G.; E. P. Ney (August 3, 1973). "Temporal Constancy of Zodiacal Light". Science 181 (4098): 438–440. doi:10.1126/science.181.4098.438. PMID 17793336. Bibcode: 1973Sci...181..438S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.181.4098.438
65. J. A., Vorphal; J. G. Sparrow (August 8, 1970). "Satellite Observations of Lightning". Science 169 (3948): 860–862. doi:10.1126/science.169.3948.860. PMID 17750055. Bibcode: 1970Sci...169..860V.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.169.3948.860
66. Caroff, Larry; Frank Low (December 2001). "Obituary: Fred C. Gillette, 1937-2001". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 33 (4): 1567–1568. doi:10.3847/BAASOBIT2001006. Archived from the original on 2012-10-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20121029064225/http://aas.org/baas/obits/obit?Full_Name=Fred_C._Gillette&Date=2001-04-22. Retrieved 2012-04-24. 
67. Overby, Dennis (June 20, 2009). "Frank J. Low, Who Helped Drive Field of Infrared Astronomy, Dies at 75". https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/science/space/21low.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2012-03-22. 
68. Low, Frank. J.; G. H. Rieke. "History of Modern Infrared Astronomy—1960 to 1983". University of Arizona. http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/Astr_518/flowhist.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-22. 
69. "Distinguished Alumni: Robert E. Danielson, class of 1949". http://www.alumniclass.com/DeerRiverhs/read-story?id=1921. Retrieved 2012-03-23. 
70. Holberg, J. B. (December 2005). "How Degenerate Stars Came to be Known as White Dwarfs". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 37: 1503. Bibcode: 2005AAS...20720501H.  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AAS...20720501H
71. "Biography of: Neville (Nick) J. Woolf". University of Arizona. Archived from the original on 2010-06-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20100618084730/http://www.as.arizona.edu/department/faculty/woolf1.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-28. 
72. "History of Women in Astronomy:Nancy Boggess". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 1992. http://astro.berkeley.edu/~gmarcy/women/boggess.html. Retrieved 2012-03-28. 
73. "Obituary of Thomond Robert O'Brien Sr". December 14, 2007. http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/startribune/obituary.aspx?n=thomond-robert-obrien&pid=99516538&fhid=4255. Retrieved 2012-03-28. 
74. Ney, Edward P.; Wayne A. Stein (April 1968). "Observations of the Crab Nebula at λ = 5800 Å 2.2 μ, and 3.5 μ with a 4-Minute Beam". Astrophysical Journal 152: L22–L24. doi:10.1086/180170. Bibcode: 1968ApJ...152L..21N.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F180170
75. Woolf, N. J.; Ney, E. P (March 1969). "Circumstellar Infrared Emission from Cool Stars". Astrophysical Journal 155: L181–L173. doi:10.1086/180331. Bibcode: 1969ApJ...155L.181W.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F180331
76. Malin, D. (November 1994). "Obituary: David Allen". The Observatory 114: 250–252. Bibcode: 1994Obs...114..250M.  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Obs...114..250M
77. Allen, D. A.; E. P. Ney (April 1969). "Lunar Thermal Anomalies: Infrared Observations". Science 164 (3878): 419–421. doi:10.1126/science.164.3878.419. PMID 17800369. Bibcode: 1969Sci...164..419A.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.164.3878.419
78. "Telescopes". University of Minnesota. http://www.astro.umn.edu/facilities/. Retrieved 2012-04-02. 
79. Ney, Edward (1962). Electromagnetism and Relativity. Harper and Row. https://books.google.com/?id=Zp7vAAAAMAAJ&q=inauthor:Ney+inauthor:Edward&dq=inauthor:Ney+inauthor:Edward. Retrieved 2012-05-14. 
80. New York Times:Edward P. Ney, 75; Searched the Skies for Cosmic Particles; By Wolfgang Saxon; July 12, 1996 https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/12/us/edward-p-ney-75-searched-the-skies-for-cosmic-particles.html
81. "Biography of John E. Naugle". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/astros/naugle.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-23. 
82. "Biography of Frank B. McDonald". http://www.astronautix.com/astros/mcdonald.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-23. 
83. Gehrz, Robert. "A Brief Oral History of the Wyoming Infrared Observatory". University of Wyoming. http://www.worddocx.com/Automobiles_Motorcycles/0114/12981_2.html. Retrieved 2012-04-23. 
84. Michau, Peter (November 13, 2002). "Gemini Telescope on Mauna Kea Named in Honor of Dr. Frederick C. Gillett". Gemini Observatory. http://www.gemini.edu/project/announcements/press/2002-13.html. Retrieved 2012-04-23. 
85. Cronin, James W. (November 22, 2011). "The 1953 Cosmic Ray Conference at Bagneres de Bigorre". European Physical Journal H 36 (2): 183–201. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-20014-4. Bibcode: 2011EPJH...36..183C. "See reference 26.".  https://dx.doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-20014-4