Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Sirius Huang -- 4158 2022-11-25 01:40:36

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Portraits of the Historical Jesus. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36564 (accessed on 14 September 2026).
HandWiki. Portraits of the Historical Jesus. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36564. Accessed September 14, 2026.
HandWiki. "Portraits of the Historical Jesus" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36564 (accessed September 14, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 25). Portraits of the Historical Jesus. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36564
HandWiki. "Portraits of the Historical Jesus." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 November, 2022.
Portraits of the Historical Jesus
Edit

Portraits of the historical Jesus refers to the various biographies of Jesus that have been constructed in the three separate scholarly quests for the historical Jesus that have taken place in the past two centuries, each with distinct characteristics and developing new and different research criteria. The portraits of Jesus that have been constructed in these processes have often differed from each other, and from the dogmatic image portrayed in the gospel accounts. These portraits include that of Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet, charismatic healer, Cynic philosopher, Jewish Messiah and prophet of social change, but there is little scholarly agreement on a single portrait, or the methods needed to construct it. There are, however, overlapping attributes among the various portraits, and scholars who differ on some attributes may agree on others. By the 21st century scholars began to focus on what is historically probable and plausible about Jesus.

portrait portraits jesus

References

  1. In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, Bart Ehrman (a secular agnostic) wrote: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" B. Ehrman, 2011 Forged : writing in the name of God ISBN:978-0-06-207863-6. page 285
  2. Michael Grant (a classicist) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non-historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in Jesus by Michael Grant 2004 ISBN:1898799881 page 200
  3. Richard A. Burridge states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more." in Jesus Now and Then by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (Apr 1, 2004) ISBN:0802809774 page 34
  4. Robert E. Van Voorst Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9 page 16 states: "biblical scholars and classical historians regard theories of non-existence of Jesus as effectively refuted"
  5. James D. G. Dunn "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus" in Sacrifice and Redemption edited by S. W. Sykes (Dec 3, 2007) Cambridge University Press ISBN:052104460X pages 35-36 states that the theories of non-existence of Jesus are "a thoroughly dead thesis"
  6. The Gospels and Jesus by Graham Stanton, 1989 ISBN:0192132415 Oxford University Press, p. 145: "Today nearly all historians, whether Christians or not, accept that Jesus existed".
  7. Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN:0-86012-006-6 pages 730-731
  8. Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9-page 15
  9. Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN:0-664-25703-8 page 181
  10. "What about the resurrection? ... Some people believe it did, some believe it didn't. ... But if you do believe it, it is not as a historian" Ehrman, B. Jesus, Interrupted, pg 176 HarperOne; 1 Reprint edition (2 February 2010)
  11. Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN:0-664-25703-8 page 181
  12. Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN:0-8054-4482-3 pages 431-436
  13. Van Voorst (2000) pp. 39-53
  14. Allison, Dale (February 2009). The Historical Christ and the Theological Jesus. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8028-6262-4. https://books.google.com/?id=WzOfssjUsIIC&pg=PA59&dq=dale+allison+We+wield+our+criteria+to+get+what+we+want#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 9 January 2011. "We wield our criteria to get what we want." 
  15. John P. Meier (26 May 2009). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Law and Love. Yale University Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-300-14096-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=igMXmZ055ooC&pg=PA6. Retrieved 27 August 2010. 
  16. Clive Marsh, "Diverse Agendas at Work in the Jesus Quest" in Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus by Tom Holmen and Stanley E. Porter (Jan 12, 2011) ISBN:9004163727 pages 986-1002
  17. Jesus Remembered Volume 1, by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN:0-8028-3931-2 pp. 125-126: "the historical Jesus is properly speaking a nineteenth- and twentieth-century construction using the data supplied by the Synoptic tradition, not Jesus back then," (the Jesus of Nazareth who walked the hills of Galilee), "and not a figure in history whom we can realistically use to critique the portrayal of Jesus in the Synoptic tradition."
  18. Meir, Marginal Jew, 1:21-25
  19. T. Merrigan, The Historical Jesus in the Pluralist Theology of Religions, in The Myriad Christ: Plurality and the Quest for Unity in Contemporary Christology (ed. T. Merrigan and J. Haers). Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research, & Charlesworth, J. H. Jesus research: New methodologies and perceptions : the second Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research, Princeton 2007, p. 77-78: "Dunn points out as well that 'the Enlightenment Ideal of historical objectivity also projected a false goal onto the quest for the historical Jesus,' which implied that there was a 'historical Jesus,' objectively verifiable, 'who will be different from the dogmatic Christ and the Jesus of the Gospels and who will enable us to criticize the dogmatic Christ and the Jesus of the Gospels.' (Jesus Remembered, p. 125)."
  20. Herzog, W. R. (2005). Prophet and teacher: An introduction to the historical Jesus. Louisville, Ky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 6
  21. Bart Ehrman, Did Jesus Exist? Harper Collins, 2012, p. 12, ""In simpler terms, the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity." further quoting as authoritative the fuller definition provided by Earl Doherty in Jesus: Neither God Nor Man. Age of Reason, 2009, pp. vii–viii: it is "the theory that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual, mythical figure, that the Gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition."
  22. Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN:0-8028-3931-2 page 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".
  23. Jesus of Nazareth by Paul Verhoeven (Apr 6, 2010) ISBN:1583229051 page 39
  24. Authenticating the Activities of Jesus by Bruce Chilton and Craig A. Evans 2002 ISBN:0391041649 pages 3-7
  25. Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus by William R. Herzog (4 Jul 2005) ISBN:0664225284 pages 1-6
  26. Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell (Nov 1, 1998) ISBN:0664257038 page 117
  27. Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN:0-931464-50-1 pages 113-129
  28. The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN:978-0-8054-4365-3 page 114
  29. Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.3
  30. Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, I. Howard Marshall, Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (InterVarsity Press, 1992), page 442
  31. The Historical Jesus in Recent Research edited by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN:1-57506-100-7 page 303
  32. Who Is Jesus? by John Dominic Crossan, Richard G. Watts 1999 ISBN:0664258425 pages 28-29
  33. In The Historical Jesus in Recent Research edited by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN:1-57506-100-7-page 303 Marcus Borg states that the suggestions that an adult Jesus traveled to Egypt of India are "without historical foundation"
  34. InWho Is Jesus? by John Dominic Crossan, Richard G. Watts 1999 ISBN:0664258425 pages 28-29 John Dominic Crossan states that none of the theories presented to fill the 15-18-year gap between the early life of Jesus and the start of [his ministry have been supported by modern scholarship.
  35. Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9-page 17
  36. Kostenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament ISBN:0-8054-4365-7. pages 107-109
  37. Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9 pages 177-118
  38. The Life and Ministry of Jesus by Douglas Redford 2007 ISBN:0-7847-1900-4-page 32
  39. The Historical Jesus of the Gospels by Craig S. Keener 2012 ISBN:0802868886 page 182
  40. Theissen, Gerd; Merz, Annette (1998). The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide ISBN:0-8006-3122-6. page 165 states: "Our conclusion must be that Jesus came from Nazareth."
  41. James Barr, Which language did Jesus speak, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 1970; 53(1) pages 9–29 [1]
  42. Handbook to exegesis of the New Testament by Stanley E. Porter 1997 ISBN:90-04-09921-2 pages 110–112
  43. Jesus in history and myth by R. Joseph Hoffmann 1986 ISBN:0-87975-332-3-page 98
  44. James Barr's review article Which language did Jesus speak (referenced above) states that Aramaic has the widest support among scholars.
  45. Discovering the language of Jesus by Douglas Hamp 2005 ISBN:1-59751-017-3 page 3-4
  46. The Lion and the Lamb by Andreas J. Kostenberger, L. Scott Kellum and Charles L Quarles (Jul 15, 2012) ISBN:1433677083 page 40
  47. Craig Evans, 2006 "Josephus on John the Baptist" in The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press ISBN:9780691009926 pages 55-58
  48. Herodias: at home in that fox's den by Florence Morgan Gillman 2003 ISBN:0-8146-5108-9 pages 25-30
  49. The new complete works of Josephus by Flavius Josephus, William Whiston, Paul L. Maier ISBN:0825429242 pages 662-663
  50. Herod Antipas by Harold W. Hoehner 1983 ISBN:0-310-42251-5 pages 125-127
  51. Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts by Ralph Martin Novak 2001 ISBN:1-56338-347-0 pages 302-303
  52. Hoehner, Harold W (1978). Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ. Zondervan. pp. 29–37. ISBN 0-310-26211-9. 
  53. Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor by Warren Carter 2003 ISBN:0-8146-5113-5 pages 44-45
  54. The history of the Jews in the Greco-Roman world by Peter Schäfer 2003 ISBN:0-415-30585-3 page 108
  55. Backgrounds of early Christianity by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN:0-8028-2221-5 page 416
  56. Craig S. Keener in The Blackwell Companion to Paul edited by Stephen Westerholm 2011 ISBN:1405188448 page 51
  57. Paul and His Letters by John B. Polhill 1999 ISBN:0-8054-1097-X pages 49-50
  58. The Cambridge Companion to St Paul by James D. G. Dunn (Nov 10, 2003) Cambridge Univ Press ISBN:0521786940 page 20
  59. Paul: his letters and his theology by Stanley B. Marrow 1986 ISBN:0-8091-2744-X pages 45-49
  60. Chronos, Kairos, Christos by Jerry Vardaman and Edwin M. Yamauchi (Aug 1989) ISBN:0931464501 page 211
  61. Pratt, J. P. (1991). "Newton's Date for the Crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 32 (3): 301–304. Bibcode: 1991QJRAS..32..301P.  http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991QJRAS..32..301P
  62. Humphreys, Colin J.; W. G. Waddington (December 1983). "Dating the Crucifixion". Nature 306 (5945): 743–746. doi:10.1038/306743a0. Bibcode: 1983Natur.306..743H.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F306743a0
  63. Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper Cambridge University Press 2011 ISBN:978-0-521-73200-0, page 13
  64. Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN:0-8308-2699-8 pages 19-21
  65. Sanders (1993). pp. 11, 249.
  66. Fredriksen, Paula (1988). From Jesus to Christ ISBN:0-300-04864-5 pp. ix-xii
  67. Sanders, E.P. (1987). Jesus and Judaism, Fortress Press ISBN:0-8006-2061-5 pp. 1-9
  68. John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, v. 1, ch. 11; also H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN:0-674-39731-2, page 251
  69. Chronicle of Jewish History from the Patriarchs to the 21st Century by Sol Scharfstein and Dorcas Gelabert (Oct 1997) ISBN:0881256064 page 85
  70. "Pharisees." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
  71. A Guide Through the New Testament by Celia B. Sinclair (May 1, 1994) ISBN:0664254845 page 21
  72. Jonathan L. Reed, "Archaeological contributions to the study of Jesus and the Gospels" in The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press 2006 ISBN:978-0-691-00992-6 pages 40-47
  73. Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence by Jonathan L. Reed 2002 ISBN:1-56338-394-2 pages xi-xii
  74. Craig A. Evans (Mar 26, 2012). The Archaeological Evidence For Jesus. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-a-evans/archaeological-evidence-for-jesus_b_1370995.html. 
  75. "Jesus Research and Archaeology: A New Perspective" by James H. Charlesworth in Jesus and archaeology edited by James H. Charlesworth 2006 ISBN:0-8028-4880-X pages 11-15
  76. What are they saying about the historical Jesus? by David B. Gowler 2007 ISBN:0-8091-4445-X page 102
  77. Craig A. Evans (Mar 16, 2012). Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-23413-5. https://books.google.com/?id=_DGjygAACAAJ&dq=Jesus+and+His+World. 
  78. Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence by Jonathan L. Reed 2002 ISBN:1-56338-394-2 page 18
  79. Historical Dictionary of Jesus by Daniel J. Harrington 2010 ISBN:0-8108-7667-1 page 32
  80. Studying the historical Jesus: evaluations of the state of current research by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN:90-04-11142-5 page 465
  81. "Jesus and Capernaum: Archeological and Gospel Stratigraohy" in Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence by Jonathan L. Reed 2002 ISBN:1-56338-394-2 page 139-156
  82. Jesus and archaeology edited by James H. Charlesworth 2006 ISBN:0-8028-4880-X page 127
  83. Who Was Jesus? by Paul Copan and Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN:0-664-22462-8 page 187
  84. Jesus: the complete guide by Leslie Houlden 2006 082648011X pages 63-100
  85. Teaching Christianity: a world religions approach by Clive Erricker 1987 ISBN:0-7188-2634-5 page 44
  86. Jesus in history and myth by R. Joseph Hoffmann 1986 ISBN:0-87975-332-3 page 98
  87. Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN:0-8028-3931-2 pages 313-315
  88. Jewish Encyclopedia: Galilee: Characteristics of Galileans: " http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=32&letter=G&search=Galileans#132
  89. Racializing Jesus: Race, Ideology and the Formation of Modern Biblical Scholarship by Shawn Kelley 2002 ISBN:0-415-28373-6 pages 70-73
  90. The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world by Colin Kidd 2006 ISBN:0-521-79324-6 pages 44-45
  91. The forging of races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world by Colin Kidd 2006 ISBN:0-521-79324-6 page 18
  92. The likeness of the king: a prehistory of portraiture in late medieval France by Stephen Perkinson 2009 ISBN:0-226-65879-1 page 30
  93. Amy-Jill Levine in The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press 2006 ISBN:978-0-691-00992-6 page 10
  94. Matthew 13:55 https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+13%3A55&version=NRSV
  95. Dickson, John. Jesus: A Short Life, Lion Hudson, 2008, ISBN:0-8254-7802-2, page 47
  96. Fiensy, David A.; Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life, Gorgias Press LLC, 2007, ISBN:1-59333-313-7 page 68
  97. Fiensy, David A.; Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life, Gorgias Press LLC, 2007, ISBN:1-59333-313-7 pages 74-77
  98. Jesus the Jew: a historian's reading of the Gospels by Jeza Vermes 1983 ISBN SBN: 0961614846 page 21
  99. Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN:978-0-06-073817-4
  100. Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. “Contexts,” p 1-24.
  101. Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The historical Jesus: a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition)
  102. Sanders terms it a "minor village." Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 104
  103. Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence by Jonathan L. Reed (May 1, 2002) ISBN:1563383942 pages 131-134
  104. Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: A Re-examination of the Evidence by Jonathan L. Reed (May 1, 2002) ISBN:1563383942 pages 114-117
  105. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Q-Z) by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Jan 31, 1995) ISBN:0802837840 page 50
  106. The Gospel of Mark by John R. Donahue and Daniel J., S.J. Harrington (Jan 1, 2002) ISBN:0814659659 pages 60-61
  107. Whoever Hears You Hears Me: Prophets, Performance, and Tradition in Q by Richard A. Horsley and Jonathan A. Draper (Nov 1, 1999) ISBN:1563382725 page 127
  108. Theissen and Merz 1998, p. 354 (for example, Mark 1.39, 2.25, 12.10; Matt. 12.5, 19.4, 21.16; Luke 4.16; and John 7.15)
  109. Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "What do we really know about Jesus" p. 527-534.
  110. Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. p. 147
  111. In The Cambridge Companion to Jesus edited by Markus Bockmuehl (Dec 3, 2001) ISBN:0521796784 page 14
  112. In The Cambridge Companion to Jesus edited by Markus Bockmuehl (Dec 3, 2001) ISBN:0521796784 page 21
  113. John Meier, A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus 1991 ISBN:0300140185 page 278
  114. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN:0830815449 pages 9-13
  115. The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria by Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter (Aug 30, 2002) ISBN:0664225373 pages 1-6
  116. Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research by Stanley E. Porter 2004 ISBN:0567043606 pages 100-120
  117. "Introducing the Journal of Higher Criticism". http://depts.drew.edu/jhc/pricejhc.html. 
  118. Hendel, Ronald (June 2010). "Knowledge and Power in Biblical Scholarship". http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/know357930.shtml. Retrieved 6 January 2011. "... The problem at hand is how to preserve the critical study of the Bible in a professional society that has lowered its standards to the degree that apologetics passes as scholarship ..." 
  119. Meier, John. "Finding the Historical Jesus: An Interview With John P. Meier". St. Anthony Messenger. http://www.americancatholic.org/Messenger/Dec1997/feature3.asp. Retrieved 6 January 2011. "... I think a lot of the confusion comes from the fact that people claim they are doing a quest for the historical Jesus when de facto they’re doing theology, albeit a theology that is indeed historically informed." 
  120. The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN:978-0-8054-4365-3 pages 117–125
  121. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium by Bart D. Ehrman 1999 ISBN:0-19-512473-1 pages 22–23
  122. Meier 1994 v.2 ch. 17; Ehrman 1999 p.227-8
  123. The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN:978-0-8054-4365-3 pages 124-125
  124. The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1 by Margaret M. Mitchell and Frances M. Young (Feb 20, 2006) ISBN:0521812399 page 23
  125. Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus by William R. Herzog (Jul 4, 2005) ISBN:0664225284 page 8
  126. The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria by Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter (Aug 30, 2002) ISBN:0664225373 page 5
  127. Jesus Research: An International Perspective (Princeton-Prague Symposia Series on the Historical Jesus) by James H. Charlesworth and Petr Pokorny (Sep 15, 2009) ISBN:0802863531 pages 1-2
  128. Images of Christ (Academic Paperback) by Stanley E. Porter, Michael A. Hayes and David Tombs (Dec 19, 2004) ISBN:0567044602 T&T Clark page 74
  129. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN:0830815449 page 197
  130. Analysis of fragments of the New Testament books for Jesus as apocalyptic prophet: Leszek Nowak, "A great mistake and disappointment of early Christianity" at Internet Archive (Polish) https://web.archive.org/web/20160523101437/http://www.opracowanie.eu/pomylka_2.htm
  131. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN:0830815449 page 136
  132. Sanders, E. P. (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. London, England, New York City, New York, Ringwood, Australia, Toronto, Ontario, and Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-014499-4. 
  133. Casey, Maurice (2010). Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching. New York City, New York and London, England: T & T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-64517-3. https://books.google.com/?id=lXK0auknD0YC&pg=PA194&dq=Mary+Magdalene+supported+Jesus%27s+ministry#v=onepage&q=E.%20P.%20Sanders&f=false. 
  134. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium by Bart D. Ehrman (Sep 23, 1999) ISBN:0195124731 Oxford University Press pp.
  135. Dale Allison, Constructing Jesus: Memory, Imagination, and History 2010, ISBN:0801035856 page 32
  136. Familiar Stranger: An Introduction to Jesus of Nazareth by Michael James McClymond (Mar 22, 2004) ISBN:0802826806 pages 16-22
  137. Ben Witherington, The Jesus quest: the third search for the Jew of Nazareth. p.108; Geza Vermes, Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels, Minneapolis, Fortress Press 1973.
  138. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN:0830815449 page 98
  139. Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Dr Craig L Blomberg (1 Aug 2009) ISBN:0805444823 page 213
  140. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN:0830815449 page 137-138
  141. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN:0830815449 pages 161-163
  142. Brandon, S.G.F. (1988), "The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth"
  143. Chilton, Bruce (2002), "Rabbi Jesus: An Intimate Biography"
  144. James the Brother of Jesus, Penguin, 1997-98, pp. 51-153 and 647-816.
  145. Ellegård, Alvar. "Theologians as historians", Scandia, 2008, p. 171–172, 175ff. http://www.sciecom.org/ojs/index.php/scandia/article/viewFile/1078/863
  146. "Hyam Maccoby, Jesus the Pharisee (London: SCM Press, 2003) Reviewed by Robert M. Price". http://www.robertmprice.mindvendor.com/reviews/maccoby_pharisee.htm. 
  147. Falk, Harvey (2003) "Jesus the Pharisee: A New Look at the Jewishness of Jesus"
  148. Mark Allan Powell, Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee p.56; Morton Smith, Jesus the magician: charlatan or Son of God?
  149. William Thomas Stead, ed (1894). The review of reviews, Volume 9, 1894, p.306. https://books.google.com/?id=O40-YRkO0t8C&q=%22christian+anarchism%22&dq=%22christian+anarchism%22&cd=6. Retrieved 20 April 2010. 
  150. "Jesus Christus vom Standpunkt des Psychiaters" (Handelsdruckerei, Bamberg, 1905).
  151. "Religion and Civilization: The Conclusions of a Psychiatrist" (Truth Seeker, New York, 1912).
  152. Times, 22 August 1974, 14
  153. "La Folie de Jesus" (Vols. 1-4. A. Maloine, Paris, 1908-15)
  154. Murray, ED.; Cunningham MG, Price BH. (1). "The role of psychotic disorders in religious history considered". J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neuroscience 24 (4): 410–26. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11090214. PMID 23224447 //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23224447
  155. Ted Jeory (express.co.uk), "Jesus Christ 'may have suffered from mental health problems', claims Church of England" (English) http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/341926/Jesus-Christ-may-have-suffered-from-mental-health-problems-claims-Church-of-England
  156. World English Bible
  157. Karina Jarzyńska (racjonalista.pl), "Jezus jako egocentryczny schizotymik" (Polish) http://www.racjonalista.pl/kk.php/s,5828
  158. Leszek Nowak, Prywatna Witryna Internetowa Leszka Nowaka at Internet Archive (Polish) https://web.archive.org/web/20160514125307/http://www.opracowanie.eu/index_2.htm
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Religion
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 3.9K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 25 Nov 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service