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HandWiki. Nomadic Empire. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36453 (accessed on 14 September 2026).
HandWiki. Nomadic Empire. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36453. Accessed September 14, 2026.
HandWiki. "Nomadic Empire" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36453 (accessed September 14, 2026).
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HandWiki. "Nomadic Empire." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 November, 2022.
Nomadic Empire
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Nomadic empires, sometimes also called steppe empires, Central or Inner Asian empires, were the empires erected by the bow-wielding, horse-riding, nomadic people in the Eurasian Steppe, from classical antiquity (Scythia) to the early modern era (Dzungars). They are the most prominent example of non-sedentary polities. Some nomadic empires consolidated by establishing a capital city inside a conquered sedentary state and then exploiting the existing bureaucrats and commercial resources of that non-nomadic society. In such a scenario, the originally nomadic dynasty may become culturally assimilated to the culture of the occupied nation before it is ultimately overthrown. Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) described a similar cycle on a smaller scale in 1377 in his Asabiyyah theory. Historians of the early medieval period may refer to these polities as "khanates" (after khan, the title of their rulers). After the Mongol conquests of the 13th century the term orda ("horde") also came into use — as in "Golden Horde".

early medieval period classical antiquity early modern

References

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  2. For example: The Arabs. Oxford Pamphlets on World Affairs, Issues 40–49. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1940. https://books.google.com/books?id=3iYTAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 17 May 2021. "The strong centralized government set up in Egypt by Mohammed Ali (1805–49) not only broke up the Bedouin confederations in the basin of the Nile but also the powerful nomadic empire of the Wahhabis in Arabia [...]" 
  3. "Scythian". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/530361/Scythian. 
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  7. Lessman, Thomas. "World History Maps". 2004. Thomas Lessman. http://www.worldhistorymaps.info/maps.html. 
  8. Sinor 1990, p. 113
  9. "Sarmatian". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524377/Sarmatian. 
  10. Waldman & Mason 2006, pp. 692–694
  11. J.Harmatta: "Scythians" in UNESCO Collection of History of Humanity – Volume III: From the Seventh Century BC to the Seventh Century AD. Routledge/UNESCO. 1996. p. 182
  12. Arrowsmith, Fellowes, Hansard, A, B & G L (1832). A Grammar of Ancient Geography,: Compiled for the Use of King's College School (3 April 2006 ed.). Hansard London. p. 9. https://books.google.com/books?id=X1iwAuAJSOcC&q=Scythia+square+miles. Retrieved 20 August 2014. 
  13. Arrowsmith, Fellowes, Hansard, A, B & G L (1832). A Grammar of Ancient Geography,: Compiled for the Use of King's College School (3 April 2006 ed.). Hansard London. p. 15. https://books.google.com/books?id=X1iwAuAJSOcC&q=Scythia+square+miles. Retrieved 20 August 2014. 
  14. The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans, University of California Press, 1967, p. 5 https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA7
  15. and Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-Sang, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 318–350 http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm
  16. which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.
  17. Wyatt 2004, p. 8.
  18. Chen, Sanping (1996). "A-Gan Revisited — The Tuoba's Cultural and Political Heritage". Journal of Asian History 30 (1): 46–78. 
  19. Prokopios, Historien I 3,2–7.
  20. Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 67–72. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/67. 
  21. Unesco Staff 1996, pp. 135–163
  22. West 2009, pp. 274–277
  23. Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 106.
  24. Gi︠u︡zelev, Vasil (1979). The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria text. pp. 15, 33, 38. https://books.google.com/books?id=7lhpAAAAMAAJ&q=Proto-Bulgarians. 
  25. Hyun Jin Kim (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243. ISBN 9781107009066. https://books.google.com/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC. 
  26. Golden 1992, p. 253, 256: "[Pontic Bulgars] With their Avar and Türk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained." ... "The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ..."
  27. McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780521362924. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC. "The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes." 
  28. Sophoulis 2011, pp. 65–66, 68–69: "The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically Oğuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions." ... "It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations."
  29. Brook 2006, p. 13: "Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together."
  30. "Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42718/Sport-and-recreation#toc42721. "The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day Bulgaria." 
  31. "Bulgar". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84067/Bulgar. "Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian populations." 
  32. Cenghiz, Ilhan (2015). "Y-DNA Haplogroups in Turkic People". yhaplogroups.wordpress.com. https://yhaplogroups.wordpress.com/. 
  33. Suslova (October 2012). "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals).". International Journal of Immunogenetics (Blackwell Publishing Ltd) 39 (5): 375–392. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. PMID 22520580.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-313X.2012.01117.x
  34. Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 106–107.
  35. Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 108–109.
  36. Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 109.
  37. Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 168.
  38. Kim 2013, p. 123.
  39. Róna-Tas 1999, p. 309.
  40. Golden 1992, p. 104.
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  42. Bowersock, Brown, Grabar 1999, p. 354.
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  44. Golden 2011, p. 145, 158, 196.
  45. Fiedler 2008, p. 151: "...ethnic symbiosis between Slavic commoners and Bulgar elites of Turkic origin, who ultimately gave their name to the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians."
  46. William Montgomery McGovern – early empires of Central Asia, p. 421 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.535974%7CThe
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  49. Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun (2009). "〈契丹文dan gur與「東丹國」國號：兼評劉浦江「再談“東丹國”國号問題」〉(Original Meaning of Dan gur in the Khitai Scripts: with a Discussion of the State Name of the Dongdanguo)" (in zh). Shōkadō (松香堂). http://www.apu.ac.jp/~yoshim/B2.pdf. 
  50. Ledyard, 1983, 323
  51. Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands By Mark Hudson https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFMPO5NdKgC&pg=PA227&lpg=PA227&dq=Ruins+of+Identity:+Ethnogenesis+in+the+Japanese+Islands+control+all+of+manchuria&source=bl&ots=SyoHDbdv9i&sig=SK2vY6jSgM-GMEEaaYew3imVkSs&hl=mn&sa=X&ei=gE3TVKrjHMnmoATuvoHIBQ&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
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  53. Thomas T. Allsen – and conquest in Mongol Eurasia, 211 https://books.google.com/books/about/Culture_and_Conquest_in_Mongol_Eurasia.html?id=0StLNcKQNUoC&redir_esc=y%7CCulture
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  56. "Kazakhstan to Celebrate 550th Kazakh Statehood Anniversary in 2015". Astana Times. http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-celebrate-550th-kazakh-statehood-anniversary-2015/. 
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  59. Frederic Wakeman, Jr., The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in the Seventeenth Century, p. 24, note 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=8nXLwSG2O8AC&pg=PA24&dq=%22the+manchus+were+not+nomads%22&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ei=NommUtWDMczaoATT6IHgDQ#v=onepage&q=%22the%20manchus%20were%20not%20nomads%22&f=false
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  62. Gorelova 2002, pp. 13–14. https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Mohe+tribes+can+be+characterized+as+having+mostly+a+sedentary+way+of+life.+Pig+breeding+was+the+main+branch+of+their+stockraising+(the+same+can+be+said+about+the+Sushen).+The+richest+PROLEGOMENA+TO+MANCHU+STUDIES+13.&dq=The+Mohe+tribes+can+be+characterized+as+having+mostly+a+sedentary+way+of+life.+Pig+breeding+was+the+main+branch+of+their+stockraising+(the+same+can+be+said+about+the+Sushen).+The+richest+PROLEGOMENA+TO+MANCHU+STUDIES+13.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WxTkU4CtNffesAT474LgCg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA
  63. Gorelova 2002, p. 14. https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=raising+(the+same+can+be+said+about+the+Sushen).+The+richest+of+them+possessed+large+flocks+of+pigs,+which+mounted+to+hundreds+of+heads.+They+liked+eating+pork,+and+pig-skins+were+used+by+them+for+sewing+winter+coats+(again+like+the+Sushen).+The+Mohes+also+bred+dogs,+from+whose+skins+they+sewed+fur+coats.....The+Mohe+were+mainly+engaged+in+developed+agriculture,+as+they+used+a+plough,+pushing+it+in+front,+and+pairs+of+horses+as+drought+power.+They+sowed+wheat,+millet,+rice+plants,+and+soybean,+and+used+rice+for+preparing+special+liqueur.&dq=raising+(the+same+can+be+said+about+the+Sushen).+The+richest+of+them+possessed+large+flocks+of+pigs,+which+mounted+to+hundreds+of+heads.+They+liked+eating+pork,+and+pig-skins+were+used+by+them+for+sewing+winter+coats+(again+like+the+Sushen).+The+Mohes+also+bred+dogs,+from+whose+skins+they+sewed+fur+coats.....The+Mohe+were+mainly+engaged+in+developed+agriculture,+as+they+used+a+plough,+pushing+it+in+front,+and+pairs+of+horses+as+drought+power.+They+sowed+wheat,+millet,+rice+plants,+and+soybean,+and+used+rice+for+preparing+special+liqueur.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IxbkU8C5K-jIsASOgYLACA&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA
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