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HandWiki. Canopy. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36427 (accessed on 22 September 2026).
HandWiki. Canopy. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36427. Accessed September 22, 2026.
HandWiki. "Canopy" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36427 (accessed September 22, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 25). Canopy. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36427
HandWiki. "Canopy." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 November, 2022.
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In biology, the canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant cropping or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns. In forest ecology, canopy also refers to the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms (epiphytes, lianas, arboreal animals, etc.). The communities that inhabit the canopy layer are thought to be involved in maintaining forest diversity, resilience, and functioning. Sometimes the term canopy is used to refer to the extent of the outer layer of leaves of an individual tree or group of trees. Shade trees normally have a dense canopy that blocks light from lower growing plants.
canopy layer
resilience
tree crowns
References
- Lowman, Margaret D.; Wittman, Philip K. (1996). "Forest Canopies: Methods, Hypotheses, and Future Directions". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 27: 55–81. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.55. https://outonalimb-forestcanopies.com/PDFs/papers/0056.pdf.
- Butler, Rhett (30 July 2012). "The Rainforest Canopy". https://rainforests.mongabay.com/0401.htm.
- Lowman, Margaret D.; Moffett, Mark (March 1993). "The ecology of tropical rain forest canopies". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8 (3): 104–107. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90061-S. PMID 21236120. https://www.canopymeg.com/PDFs/papers/0030.pdf.
- "Light in the Rain Forest". http://assoc.garden.org/courseweb/course1/week4/page5a.htm.
- Forest canopies. Margaret Lowman, H. Bruce Rinker (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-12-457553-0. OCLC 162129566. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/162129566.
- Nadkarni, Nalini M.; Merwin, Mark C.; Nieder, Jurgen (1 January 2013), Levin, Simon A, ed. (in en), Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity, Waltham: Academic Press, pp. 516–527, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00158-1, ISBN 978-0-12-384720-1, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847195001581, retrieved 26 February 2022
- Erwin, Terry L. (1 January 2013), Levin, Simon A, ed. (in en), Forest Canopies, Animal Diversity, Waltham: Academic Press, pp. 511–515, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00057-5, ISBN 978-0-12-384720-1, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847195000575, retrieved 26 February 2022
- Nakamura, Akihiro; Kitching, Roger L.; Cao, Min; Creedy, Thomas J.; Fayle, Tom M.; Freiberg, Martin; Hewitt, C. N.; Itioka, Takao et al. (1 June 2017). "Forests and Their Canopies: Achievements and Horizons in Canopy Science" (in English). Trends in Ecology & Evolution 32 (6): 438–451. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.020. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 28359572. https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(17)30059-9.
- Pfeifer, Marion; Gonsamo, Alemu; Woodgate, William; Cayuela, Luis; Marshall, Andrew R.; Ledo, Alicia; Paine, Timothy C. E.; Marchant, Rob et al. (8 January 2018). "Tropical forest canopies and their relationships with climate and disturbance: results from a global dataset of consistent field-based measurements". Forest Ecosystems 5 (1): 7. doi:10.1186/s40663-017-0118-7. ISSN 2197-5620. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-017-0118-7.
- Didham, R. K.; Fagan, L. L. (1 January 2004), Burley, Jeffery, ed. (in en), ECOLOGY | Forest Canopies, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 68–80, doi:10.1016/b0-12-145160-7/00013-2, ISBN 978-0-12-145160-8, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0121451607000132, retrieved 26 February 2022
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