Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Vivi Li -- 3047 2022-11-25 01:45:00

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Instrumental Temperature Record. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36421 (accessed on 21 September 2026).
HandWiki. Instrumental Temperature Record. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36421. Accessed September 21, 2026.
HandWiki. "Instrumental Temperature Record" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36421 (accessed September 21, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 25). Instrumental Temperature Record. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36421
HandWiki. "Instrumental Temperature Record." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 November, 2022.
Instrumental Temperature Record
Edit

The instrumental temperature record provides the temperature of Earth's climate system from the historical network of in situ measurements of surface air temperatures and ocean surface temperatures. Data are collected at thousands of meteorological stations, buoys and ships around the globe. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, which starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850. In recent decades, more extensive sampling of ocean temperatures at various depths allows estimates of ocean heat content, but these samples do not form part of the global surface temperature datasets.

climate system svs.webm heat map

References

  1. "Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (WGI AR5)". IPCC AR5. http://www.climatechange2013.org/.  "Full Report". 2013. p. 5. http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/report/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf. 
  2. IPCC AR5 Chapter 2 page 193 https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter02_FINAL.pdf
  3. Houghton(eds) (2001). "Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis – Chapter 12: Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes". IPCC. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070711023544/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/462.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2007. 
  4. "Ch 6. Changes in the Climate System". Advancing the Science of Climate Change. 2010. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12782&page=207. , in US NRC 2010, p. 207
  5. Swanson, K.L.; Sugihara, G.; Tsonis, A.A. (22 September 2009). "Long-term natural variability and 20th century climate change". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (38): 16120–3. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908699106. PMID 19805268. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..10616120S.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2752544
  6. IPCC AR5 WG1 Chapter 2 page 187 and page 192 https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter02_FINAL.pdf
  7. IPCC AR5 WG1 Chapter 2 p193 https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter02_FINAL.pdf
  8. Trenberth, K.E. (2007). (Solomon, S.. ed. Executive summary, in: Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change. in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s3-es.html. 
  9. Potter, Sean; Cabbage, Michael; McCarthy, Leslie (19 January 2017). "NASA, NOAA Data Show 2016 Warmest Year on Record Globally" (Press release). NASA. Retrieved 20 January 2017. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-on-record-globally
  10. "Earth Sets a Temperature Record for the Third Straight Year". the New York Times. 18 January 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/science/earth-highest-temperature-record.html. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  11. "2016: one of the warmest two years on record" (Press release). Met Office of the United Kingodom. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/2017/2016-record-breaking-year-for-global-temperature
  12. "Climate change: Data shows 2016 likely to be warmest year yet". BBC News Online. 18 January 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38652746. Retrieved 19 January 2017. 
  13. Schmidt, Gavin (22 January 2015). "Thoughts on 2014 and ongoing temperature trends". http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2015/01/thoughts-on-2014-and-ongoing-temperature-trends/. Retrieved 4 September 2015. 
  14. Carrington, Damian (19 January 2017). "2016 hottest year ever recorded – and scientists say human activity to blame". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jan/18/2016-hottest-year-ever-recorded-and-scientists-say-human-activity-to-blame. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  15. Samenow, Jason (18 January 2017). "Scientists react to Earth's warmest year: 'We are heading into a new unknown'". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/01/18/scientists-react-to-earths-warmest-year-we-are-heading-into-a-new-unknown/. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  16. Brumfiel, Geoff (18 January 2017). "U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2017/01/18/510472493/u-s-report-confirms-2016-was-the-hottest-year-on-record. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  17. Greenfield-Boyce, Nell (18 January 2017). "2016 Was The Hottest Year Yet, Scientists Declare". NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/18/510405739/2016-was-the-hottest-year-yet-scientists-declare. Retrieved 20 January 2017. 
  18. "Tim Osborn to take over leadership of CRU" (Press release). University of East Anglia. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017. https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/tim-osborn-to-take-over-leadership-of-cru
  19. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-climatechange-temperatures/2017-was-second-hottest-year-on-record-after-sizzling-2016-report-idUKKBN1ET1L3
  20. "Global Climate Report – Annual 2017". NOAA. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201713. Retrieved 18 January 2018. 
  21. 1 Introduction. p. 5. http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/cmb/bams-sotc/2009/bams-sotc-2009-chapter1-introduction-lo-rez.pdf.  In State of the Climate in 2009
  22. Natural Climate Oscillations of Short Duration and the Long Term Climate Warming – Sorting Out the Climate System USGCRP Seminar, 20 March 2000 Updated 13 August, 2004 http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/seminars/000320FO.html
  23. NASA Research Finds Last Decade was Warmest on Record, 2009 One of Warmest Years http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/jan/HQ_10-017_Warmest_temps.html
  24. IPCC AR5 WG1 SPM page 5 https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf
  25. "NOAA National Climatic Data Center, State of the Climate: Global Analysis for Annual 2014". NOAA. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2014/13. Retrieved 21 January 2015. 
  26. CMB and Crouch, J. (17 September 2012). Global Surface Temperature Anomalies: Background Information – FAQ 1. NOAA NCDC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cmb-faq/anomalies.php. 
  27. Hansen, J.E. (20 November 2012). Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP). New York, NY, USA: NASA GISS. http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/. . Website curator: Schmunk, R.B.
  28. "Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years". Reviews of Geophysics 37 (2): 173–199. 1999. doi:10.1029/1999RG900002. Bibcode: 1999RvGeo..37..173J.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F1999RG900002
  29. http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html
  30. Houghton (eds) (2001). "Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis – Figure 2.6". IPCC. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070615204345/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/fig2-6.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2007. 
  31. Guide to the Global Observing System. WMO. 2007. ISBN 978-9263134882. http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/OSY/Manual/488_Guide_2007.pdf. 
  32. Joint-statement by leaders of 18 scientific organizations: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Institute of Biological Sciences, American Meteorological Society, American Society of Agronomy, American Society of Plant Biologists, American Statistical Association, Association of Ecosystem Research Centers, Botanical Society of America, Crop Science Society of America, Ecological Society of America, Natural Science Collections, Alliance Organization of Biological Field Stations, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Society of Systematic Biologists, Soil Science Society of America, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (21 October 2009). Joint-statement on climate change by leaders of 18 scientific organizations. Washington DC, USA: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130806073923/http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/ssi/climate-change-statement-from.pdf. 
  33. Walsh, J., Figure 6: Short-term Variations Versus Long-term Trend, in: D. Is the global temperature still increasing? Isn't there recent evidence that it is actually 1 cooling?, in: Appendix I: NCA Climate Science – Addressing Commonly Asked Questions from A to Z, http://ncadac.globalchange.gov/download/NCAJan11-2013-publicreviewdraft-appendix1-CAQ.pdf , in NCADAC 2013, p. 1065
  34. "Understanding and Responding to Climate Change – Highlights of National Academies Reports". United States National Academies. 2005. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070611231645/http://dels.nas.edu/dels/rpt_briefs/climate-change-final.pdf. Retrieved 13 July 2007. 
  35. "Cooling the Warming Debate: Major New Analysis Confirms That Global Warming Is Real". Science Daily. 21 October 2011. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111021144716.htm. Retrieved 22 October 2011. 
  36. see also: PBS (10 January 2007). Interviews – James Hansen: Hot Politics: FRONTLINE: PBS. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/hotpolitics/interviews/hansen.html. . "(...) The 1990s is the real appearance of the science skeptics. How much did they come after you? I actually don't like the word "skeptics" for them; I think it's better to call them "contrarians," because skepticism is part of science; all scientists are skeptics (...)"
  37. Ian Sample (20 October 2011). "Global warming study finds no grounds for climate sceptics' concerns". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/20/global-warming-study-climate-sceptics. Retrieved 22 October 2011. 
  38. Richard Black (21 October 2011). "Global warming 'confirmed' by independent study". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15373071. Retrieved 21 October 2011. 
  39. "Climate change: The heat is on". The Economist. 22 October 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/21533360. Retrieved 22 October 2011. 
  40. e.g., see Carter, B. (9 April 2006). "There IS a problem with global warming... it stopped in 1998". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3624242/There-IS-a-problem-with-global-warming...-it-stopped-in-1998.html. 
  41. Edited quote from public-domain source: Scott, M. (31 December 2009). "Short-term Cooling on a Warming Planet, p.1". ClimateWatch Magazine (NOAA): Introduction. http://www.climatewatch.noaa.gov/article/2009/short-term-cooling-on-a-warming-planet. Retrieved 22 September 2012. 
  42. Met Office, Fitzroy Road (14 September 2009). Global warming set to continue. UK Met Office. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121027110118/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/news/releases/archive/2009/global-warming. 
  43. Albritton, D.L. (2001). Houghton, J.T.. ed. Box 1: What drives changes in climate? in: Technical Summary, in: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/011.htm#box1. 
  44. Edited quote from public-domain source: Scott, M. (31 December 2009). "Short-term Cooling on a Warming Planet, p.3". ClimateWatch Magazine (NOAA): Deciphering Natural Variability. http://www.climatewatch.noaa.gov/article/2009/short-term-cooling-on-a-warming-planet/3. 
  45. Edited quote from public-domain source: Scott, M. (31 December 2009). "Short-term Cooling on a Warming Planet, p.2". ClimateWatch Magazine (NOAA): Deciphering Natural Variability. http://www.climatewatch.noaa.gov/article/2009/short-term-cooling-on-a-warming-planet/2. 
  46. Hawkins, Ed (21 July 2019). "#ShowYourStripes / Temperature changes around the world (1901-2018)". Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190802205935/http://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2019/showyourstripes/.  (Direct link to image).
  47. Amos, Jonathan (21 June 2019). "The chart that defines our warming world / Is this the simplest way to show what is meant by global warming? The chart below organises all the countries of the world by region, time and temperature. The trend is unmistakeable.". BBC. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190629140556/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48678196.  (Link to png image)
  48. Hawkins, Ed (4 December 2018). "2018 visualisation update / Warming stripes for 1850-2018 using the WMO annual global temperature dataset.". Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190417024828/http://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2018/2018-visualisation-update/. "LICENSE / Creative Commons License / These blog pages & images are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License."  (Direct link to image).
  49. "The Oceans Are Heating Up Faster Than Expected". scientific american. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-oceans-are-heating-up-faster-than-expected/. Retrieved 3 March 2020. 
  50. "Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change". NASA. https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/. Retrieved 23 February 2020. 
  51. IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 124.
  52. "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Chapter 3". 5 February 2007. pp. 250–1. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter3.pdf. Retrieved 14 March 2009. 
  53. Polyakov, I.V.; Bekryaev, R.V.; Bhatt, U.S.; Colony, R.L.; Maskshtas, A.P.; Walsh, D.; Bekryaev, R.V.; Alekseev, G.V. (2003). "Variability and trends of air temperature in the Maritime Arctic". J. Clim. 16 (12): 2067–77. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2067:VATOAT>2.0.CO;2. Bibcode: 2003JCli...16.2067P.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C2067%3AVATOAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2
  54. Liu, J.P.; Curry, J.A.; Da, Y.J.; Horton, Radley (2007). "Causes of the northern high-latitude land surface winter climate change". Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (14): L14702. doi:10.1029/2007GL030196. Bibcode: 2007GeoRL..3414702L. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL030196.shtml. 
  55. David W. J. Thompson; Susan Solomon (2002). "Interpretation of Recent Southern Hemisphere Climate Change". Science 296 (5569): 895–9. doi:10.1126/science.1069270. PMID 11988571. Bibcode: 2002Sci...296..895T. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811141844/http://ao.atmos.colostate.edu/other_papers/ThompsonSolomon_Science2002.pdf. 
  56. "Antarctic temperature data – Monthly mean surface temperature data and derived statistics for some Antarctic stations". British Antarctic Survey. http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/gjma/. Retrieved 13 July 2007. 
  57. Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere – Understanding and Reconciling Differences http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/related_files/tmlw0602.pdf
  58. IPCC 5AR WG1 Chapter 2 page 196 https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter02_FINAL.pdf
  59. NOAA National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program: Proper Siting http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/coop/standard.htm
  60. Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences. Thomas R. Karl, Susan J. Hassol, Christopher D. Miller, and William L. Murray, editors, 2006. A Report by the Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Washington, DC. http://templatelab.com/climatescience-sap1-final-report/
  61. Trenberth et al., Ch. 3, Observations: Atmospheric Surface and Climate Change, Section 3.2.2.2: Urban Heat Islands and Land Use Effects , p. 244, in IPCC AR4 WG1 2007. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3.html
  62. Indiana State Climate Office http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate//hcn.asp
  63. Hale, R.C.; Gallo, K.P.; Owen, T.W.; Loveland, T.R. (June 2006). "Land use/land cover change effects on temperature trends at U.S. Climate Normals stations". Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 (11): L11703. doi:10.1029/2006GL026358. Bibcode: 2006GeoRL..3311703H.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL026358
  64. "The GeoProfile metadata, exposure of instruments, and measurement bias in climatic record revisited". International Journal of Climatology 26 (8): 1091–1124. 2006. doi:10.1002/joc.1298. Bibcode: 2006IJCli..26.1091M.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.1298
  65. Peterson, Thomas C. (August 2006). "Examination of potential biases in air temperature caused by poor station locations". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 87 (8): 1073–89. doi:10.1175/BAMS-87-8-1073. Bibcode: 2006BAMS...87.1073P.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1175%2FBAMS-87-8-1073
  66. Zeke Hausfather, Matthew J. Menne, Claude N. Williams, Troy Masters, Ronald Broberg, David Jones (30 January 2013). "Quantifying the effect of urbanization on U.S. Historical Climatology Network temperature records". Journal of Geophysical Research 118 (2): 481–494. doi:10.1029/2012JD018509. Bibcode: 2013JGRD..118..481H.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2012JD018509
  67. "GHCN-Monthly Version 2". NOAA. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/land-based-station-data/land-based-datasets/global-historical-climatology-network-ghcn. Retrieved 13 July 2007. 
  68. NCDC State of the Climate Global Analysis, April 2010 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/?report=global&year=2010&month=4
  69. "Global Surface Temperature Anomalies". National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cmb-faq/anomalies.html. Retrieved 16 June 2010. 
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 4.2K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 25 Nov 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service