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The Levellers were a political movement during the English Civil War (1642–1651) committed to popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law and religious tolerance. The hallmark of Leveller thought was its populism, as shown by its emphasis on equal natural rights, and their practice of reaching the public through pamphlets, petitions and vocal appeals to the crowd. The Levellers came to prominence at the end of the First English Civil War (1642–46) and were most influential before the start of the Second Civil War (1648–49). Leveller views and support were found in the populace of the City of London and in some regiments in the New Model Army. Their ideas were presented in their manifesto "Agreement of the People". In contrast to the Diggers, the Levellers opposed common ownership, except in cases of mutual agreement of the property owners. The Levellers were not a political party in the modern sense of the term. They were organised at the national level, with offices in a number of London inns and taverns such as The Rosemary Branch in Islington, which got its name from the sprigs of rosemary that Levellers wore in their hats as a sign of identification. From July 1648 to September 1649, they published a newspaper, The Moderate, and were pioneers in the use of petitions and pamphleteering to political ends. They identified themselves by sea-green ribbons worn on their clothing. After Pride's Purge and the execution of Charles I, power lay in the hands of the Grandees in the Army (and to a lesser extent with the Rump Parliament). The Levellers, along with all other opposition groups, were marginalised by those in power and their influence waned. By 1650, they were no longer a serious threat to the established order.
References
- Perez Zagorin (1982). Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660. Volume II Provincial rebellion. Revolutionary civil wars, Cambridge University Press, ISBN:0-521-28712-X. p. 164 https://archive.org/details/rebelsrulers15000002zago/page/164
- Whitney Richard David Jones (2000). The Tree of Commonwealth, 1450–1793, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, ISBN:0-8386-3837-6. pp. 133 ,164 https://books.google.com/books?id=2zqPE_XRYnYC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=The+Levellers+1607&source=web&ots=Ka93MellJj&sig=KCC0UgZ4BgGn85V6owsNBdgtI1c&hl=en#PPA133,M1
- Mendle (2001), Chapter by Blair Worden, "The Levellers in History and Memory c. 1660–1960" p. 282
- "leveller, n.". OED Online. June 2017. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/107665?redirectedFrom=levellers+ (accessed October 19, 2017). s.v. "Leveller": "1644 NEEDHAM Case Commw. 77 Our Levellers now exclaim against the Parliament".
- Nedham, Marchamont, Knache, Philip A (1969). The Case of the Commonwealth of England, Stated, Associated University Press, ISBN:0-8139-0277-0, ISBN:978-0-8139-0277-7. p. ix https://books.google.com/books?id=qhOShd6h8lsC&pg=PR9&vq=Introduction&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_1
- Gardiner, Great Civil War, iii. 380.
- Mendle (2001), Chapter by Blair Worden, "The Levellers in History and Memory c. 1660–1960" pp. 280–82
- One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Levellers". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 506.
- British Library Thomason Collection E413(15)
- "J.P. Sommerville, "Free-born John" The English Rev, 1647–1649". http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-28.htm.
- George Sabine (1937) A History of Political Theory, p. 489, Holt, Rinehart and Winston
- "An arrow against all tyrants Richard Overton, 12 October 1646". http://www.constitution.org/lev/eng_lev_05.htm.
- The Agreement of the People as presented to the Council of the Army October 1647 http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur074.htm
- "The Heads of the Proposals offered by the Army". http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur071.htm.
- "To The Right Honovrable The Commons Of England in Parliament assembled. The humble Petition of Thousands wel-affected persons inhabiting the City of London, Westminster, the Borough of Southwark Hamblets, and places adjacent". http://www.bilderberg.org/land/petition.htm.
- Agreement of the People and the places therewith incorporated, for a secure and present peace, upon grounds of common right, freedom and safety , as presented to Parliament in January 1649 http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur081.htm
- The History of England: Chapter IV: The Commonwealth by John Lingard http://www.authorama.com/history-of-england-4.html
- Agreement of the Free People , extended version from the imprisonment of the Leveller leaders, May 1649 http://www.constitution.org/eng/agreepeo.htm
- "The testimony of the Burford Levellers". http://www.bilderberg.org/land/case.htm.
- "THE Levellers (Falsely so called) Vindicated, OR THE CASE Of the twelve Troops (which by Treachery in a Treaty) was lately surprised, and defeated at Burford". http://www.strecorsoc.org/docs/vindicated.html.
- OCLC 642444396 https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/642444396
- Howell & Brewster, "Reconsidering the Levellers: the evidence of The Moderate" Past & Present, No. 46, September 1970 pp. 68–86.
- A. Lang, History of Scotland, vol. iv.
- T. M. Devine: The Scottish Nation 1700–2007, Chapter 7
