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HandWiki. Alchemy and Chemistry in Medieval Islam. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36293 (accessed on 04 October 2026).
HandWiki. Alchemy and Chemistry in Medieval Islam. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36293. Accessed October 04, 2026.
HandWiki. "Alchemy and Chemistry in Medieval Islam" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36293 (accessed October 04, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 24). Alchemy and Chemistry in Medieval Islam. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36293
HandWiki. "Alchemy and Chemistry in Medieval Islam." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 November, 2022.
Alchemy and Chemistry in Medieval Islam
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Chemistry:Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam

Alchemy and chemistry in Islam refers to the study of both traditional alchemy and early practical chemistry (the early chemical investigation of nature in general) by scholars in the medieval Islamic world. The word alchemy was derived from the Arabic word كيمياء or kīmiyāʾ. and may ultimately derive from the ancient Egyptian word kemi, meaning black. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the focus of alchemical development moved to the Caliphate and the Islamic civilization. Much more is known about Islamic alchemy as it was better documented; most of the earlier writings that have come down through the years were preserved as Arabic translations.

chemical investigation alchemy alchemical

References

  1. Sabra 1996, P. 655
  2. Principe 2011, P. 306
  3. Lindberg 2007, P. 163
  4. Lindberg 2007, P. 164
  5. Lindberg 2007, P. 166
  6. Marie-Louise von Franz (CALA IA) 2006, p. 26
  7. Marie-Louise von Franz (CALA IA) 2006, p. 26-27.
  8. Marie-Louise von Franz (CALA IA) 2006, p. 39.
  9. pp. 63-66, Alchemy, E. J. Holmyard, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990 (reprint of 1957 Penguin Books edition), ISBN:0-486-26298-7.
  10. M. Ullmann, "Ḵh̲ālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiya, abū hās̲h̲im.", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition, edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W.P. Heinrichs, Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Accessed 20 January 2011.
  11. Anawati 1996, p. 864.
  12. pp. 68-82, Holmyard 1990.
  13. pp. 867-879, Anawati 1996.
  14. pp. 86-92, Holmyard 1990.
  15. pp. 870-872, Anawati 1996.
  16. Marie-Louise von Franz (CALA IA) 2006, chapter: "Life and Work of Muḥammad ibn Umail", p. 55
  17. Julius Ruska, "Senior Zadith = Ibn Umail." Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 31, 1928, pp. 665-666
  18. Theodor Abt: "The Transmission of Ibn Umail's Vision to the Occident" in: Book of the Explanation of the Symbols - Kitāb Hall ar-Rumūz by Muhammad ibn Umail. Psychological Commentary by Theodor Abt. Corpus Alchemicum Arabicum (CALA) IB, Living Human Heritage Publications, Zurich 2009, p. 59-64.
  19. El Khadem, H. S. (1995). "A Lost Text By Zosimos Reproduced in an Old Alchemy Book". Journal of Chemical Education 72 (9): 774. doi:10.1021/ed072p774. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed072p774. 
  20. pp. 74-82, Holmyard 1990.
  21. Holmyard 1990, pp. 21-22.
  22. Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption, II.3, 330a-330b.
  23. Holmyard 1990, p. 88.
  24. Burckhardt, Titus (1967). Alchemy: science of the cosmos, science of the soul. Stuart & Watkins. p. 29. 
  25. Ragai, Jehane (1992). "The Philosopher's Stone: Alchemy and Chemistry". Journal of Comparative Poetics 12 (Metaphor and Allegory in the Middle Ages): 58–77. doi:10.2307/521636.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F521636
  26. Holmyard, E. J. (1924). "Maslama al-Majriti and the Rutbatu'l-Hakim". Isis 6 (3): 293–305. doi:10.1086/358238.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F358238
  27. p. 89, Holmyard 1990.
  28. p. 23, A short history of chemistry, James Riddick Partington, 3rd ed., Courier Dover Publications, 1989, ISBN:0-486-65977-1.
  29. Anawati 1996, p. 868
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