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HandWiki. Foetal Programming. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36200 (accessed on 27 September 2026).
HandWiki. Foetal Programming. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36200. Accessed September 27, 2026.
HandWiki. "Foetal Programming" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36200 (accessed September 27, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 24). Foetal Programming. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36200
HandWiki. "Foetal Programming." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 November, 2022.
Foetal Programming
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Foetal_programming

Foetal programming is a theory that suggests that the environment of the foetus during development affects their disease risk later in life. The three main routes of this programming are through maternal environment causing: These maternal environmental changes can be through nutritional changes, hormonal changes or exposure to toxins.

maternal environment development environmental changes

References

  1. "Programming of obesity and cardiovascular disease". International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 28 Suppl 3 (S3): S46–53. November 2004. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802800. PMID 15543219.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ijo.0802800
  2. "Nutrition of females during the peri-conceptional period and effects on foetal programming and health of offspring". Animal Reproduction Science 130 (3–4): 193–7. February 2012. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.015. PMID 22341375.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anireprosci.2012.01.015
  3. "Maternal obesity and the developmental programming of hypertension: a role for leptin". Acta Physiologica 210 (3): 508–23. March 2014. doi:10.1111/apha.12223. PMID 24433239.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fapha.12223
  4. "Placental adaptive responses and fetal programming". The Journal of Physiology 572 (Pt 1): 25–30. April 2006. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.104968. PMID 16469781.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1779654
  5. "Stress, the Placenta, and Fetal Programming of Behavior: Genes' First Encounter With the Environment". The American Journal of Psychiatry 173 (7): 655–7. July 2016. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050502. PMID 27363547.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.2016.16050502
  6. "Foetal programming by maternal thyroid disease". Clinical Endocrinology 83 (6): 751–8. December 2015. doi:10.1111/cen.12744. PMID 25682985.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fcen.12744
  7. "Maternal smoking as a model for environmental epigenetic changes affecting birthweight and fetal programming". Molecular Human Reproduction 19 (1): 1–6. January 2013. doi:10.1093/molehr/gas050. PMID 23139402.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3521486
  8. "An experimental test of the fetal programming hypothesis: Can we reduce child ontogenetic vulnerability to psychopathology by decreasing maternal depression?". Development and Psychopathology 30 (3): 787–806. August 2018. doi:10.1017/S0954579418000470. PMID 30068416.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954579418000470
  9. "Fetal alcohol programming of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin system by epigenetic mechanisms and later life vulnerability to stress". Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 38 (9): 2323–30. September 2014. doi:10.1111/acer.12497. PMID 25069392.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4177357
  10. "Prenatal alcohol exposure: foetal programming, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sex differences in outcome". Journal of Neuroendocrinology 20 (4): 470–88. April 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01669.x. PMID 18266938.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2826.2008.01669.x
  11. "Anti-hypertensive drugs in pregnancy and fetal growth: evidence for "pharmacological programming" in the first trimester?". Hypertension in Pregnancy 21 (2): 161–74. January 2002. doi:10.1081/prg-120013785. PMID 12175444.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1081%2Fprg-120013785
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