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HandWiki. Galápagos Islands. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36031 (accessed on 05 October 2026).
HandWiki. Galápagos Islands. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36031. Accessed October 05, 2026.
HandWiki. "Galápagos Islands" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36031 (accessed October 05, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 23). Galápagos Islands. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/36031
HandWiki. "Galápagos Islands." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 November, 2022.
Galápagos Islands
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Earth:Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands

The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón, other Spanish name: Las Islas Galápagos, Spanish pronunciation: [las ˈislas ɣaˈlapaɣos], local pronunciation: [laz ˈihlah ɣaˈlapaɣoh]), part of the Republic of Ecuador, are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere. Located 906 km (563 mi) west of continental Ecuador, the islands are known for their large number of endemic species that were studied by Charles Darwin during the second voyage of HMS Beagle. His observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection. The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters form the Galápagos Province of Ecuador, the Galápagos National Park, and the Galápagos Marine Reserve. The principal language on the islands is Spanish. The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000. The first recorded visit to the islands happened by chance in 1535, when Fray Tomás de Berlanga, the Bishop of Panamá, was surprised with this undiscovered land during a voyage to Peru to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro. De Berlanga eventually returned to the Spanish Empire and described the conditions of the islands and the animals that inhabited them. The group of islands was shown and named "Insulae de los Galopegos" (Islands of the Tortoises) in Abraham Ortelius's atlas published in 1570. The first crude map of the islands was made in 1684 by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley, who named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after British royalty and noblemen. These names were used in the authoritative navigation charts of the islands prepared during the Beagle survey under captain Robert FitzRoy, and in Darwin's popular book The Voyage of the Beagle. The newly independent Republic of Ecuador took the islands from Spanish ownership in 1832, and subsequently gave them official Spanish names. The older names remained in use in English-language publications, including Herman Melville's The Encantadas of 1854. Administratively, Galapagos constitutes one of the provinces of Ecuador, made up of three cantons that bear the names of its most populated islands, namely: San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz and Isabela.

volcanic islands ɣaˈlapaɣos galapagos

References

  1. Mittlestaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi; Harpp, Karen; Graham, David (2014). Harpp, Karen; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi et al.. eds. Introduction, in The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 1–3, 42. ISBN 9781118852415. 
  2. Harpp, Karen; Hall, Paul; Jackson, Matthew (2014). Harpp, Karen; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi et al.. eds. Galapagos and Easter: A Tale of Two Hotspots, in The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 27–29. ISBN 9781118852415. 
  3. Geist, Dennis; Bergantz, George; Chadwick, William (2014). Harpp, Karen; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi et al.. eds. Galapagos Magma Chambers, in The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 56–57. ISBN 9781118852415. 
  4. Poland, Michael (2014). Harpp, Karen; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi et al.. eds. Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai'i and the Galapagos, in The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 5–21. ISBN 9781118852415. 
  5. Merlen, Godfrey (2014). Harpp, Karen; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi et al.. eds. Plate Tectonics, Evolution, and the Survival of Species: A Modern Day Hotspot, in The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 122. ISBN 9781118852415. 
  6. Kurz, Mark; Rowland, Scott; Curtice, Joshua; Saal, Alberto; Naumann, Terry (2014). Harpp, Karen; Mittelstaedt, Eric; d'Ozouville, Noemi et al.. eds. Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano: A New Chronology at the Galapagos Hotspot Center, in The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 41–44, 49. ISBN 9781118852415. 
  7. "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition". International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf. 
  8. "Galápagos Islands." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Galapagos_Islands.aspx
  9. Pearson, David L.; David W. Middleton (1999). The New Key to Ecuador and the Galápagos (3rd ed.). Berkeley: Ulysses Press. 
  10. White, W. M. (2 October 1997). "A Brief Introduction to the Geology of the Galápagos". Cornell University Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/GalapagosWWW/GalapagosGeology.html. 
  11. Mack, Eric (2 July 2018). "Galapagos Volcanoes Keep Erupting Around One Of The World's Most Incredible Islands". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2018/07/02/galapagos-sierra-negra-volcano-erupting-in-ecuador/#2a625a8f2db3. 
  12. Miller, B.; Breckheimer, I.; McCleary, A.; Guzmán-Ramirez, L.; Caplow, S.; Jones-Smith, J.; Walsh, S. (2010). "Using stylized agent-based models for population–environment research: a case study from the Galápagos Islands". Population & Environment 31 (4): 279–287. doi:10.1007/s11111-010-0110-4. PMID 20539752.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2881671
  13. Grant, K. Thalia and Estes, Gregory B. (2009). Darwin in Galápagos: Footsteps to a New World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. http://darwiningalapagos.com/reviews
  14. "Isabela Island". 21 June 2016. https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/island-profile-isabela/. 
  15. McEwen, Alec (July 1988). "The English Place-Names of the Galápagos". The Geographical Journal (The Royal Geographical Society) 154 (2): 234–242. doi:10.2307/633849.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F633849
  16. Vinueza, L.; Branch, G.; Branch, M.; Bustamante, R. (2006). "Top-down herbivory and bottom-up El Niño effects on Galápagos rocky-shore communities". Ecological Monographs 76 (1): 111–131. doi:10.1890/04-1957.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1890%2F04-1957
  17. Cho, Lisa (2005) Moon Galápagos Islands. Avalon Travel Publishing. p. 200. ISBN:163121151X.
  18. Heyerdahl, Thor; & Skjolsvold, Arne (1956). "Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands", Memoirs 12, Society for American Archaeology.
  19. Lundh, Jacob (1995). "A brief account of some early inhabitants of Santa Cruz Island." In Noticias de Galápagos No. 55. Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands.
  20. Anderson, Atholl, et al. (2016), "Reconsidering Precolumbian Human Colonization in the Galápagos Islands, Republic of Ecuador", Latin American Antiquity 27(2):169-183
  21. Stewart, Paul D. (2006). Galápagos: the islands that changed the world. Yale University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-300-12230-5. https://archive.org/details/galapagos00paul. 
  22. Jackson, Michael Hume (1993). Galápagos, a natural history. University of Calgary Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-895176-07-0. https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich/page/1. 
  23. Latorre, Octavio (1995). "Los tesoros escondidos de las Islas Galapagos" (in es). Noticias de Galapagos (55): 66. http://aquaticcommons.org/6704/1/NG_54%2655_1995_Esp_Latorre_Tesoros_escondidos.pdf. Retrieved 2018-02-21. 
  24. Porter, D. (1822) Journal of a Cruise Made to the Pacific Ocean. Kessinger Publishing. https://archive.org/details/journalofcruisem00port
  25. Tarnmoor, Salvator R. (Herman Melville) (1854) Encantadas or the Enchanted Isles. Putnam's Monthly Magazine of American Literature, Science, and Art. March–May 1854.
  26. Perry, Roger; The Galapagos Islands; 1972; Dodd, Mead & Company, New York p. 44 ISBN:978-0-396-06576-0
  27. Nickerson, T. (c. 1876) Account of the Ship Essex Sinking, 1819–1821. Holograph ms. in the Thomas Nickerson Collection, 1819–1876, Folder 1. Nantucket, Massachusetts: Nantucket Historical Society.
  28. Grant, K. Thalia and Estes, Gregory B. (2009). Darwin in Galapagos: Footsteps to a New World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  29. Niles Eldredge (Spring 2006). "VQR – Confessions of a Darwinist". The Virginia Quarterly Review: 32–53. http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/. Retrieved 26 December 2007. 
  30. "The Norwegian Who Inspired Darwin". ThorNews. https://firstnighthistory.wordpress.com/tag/nicolai-olaus-lossius/. 
  31. Keynes, Richard ed. (2000). Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. June – August 1836, 291–293 http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&viewtype=text&pageseq=23
  32. Larson, Edward J. (2001). Evolution's Workshop: God and Science on the Galápagos Islands. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 108. ISBN 0-465-03810-7. https://archive.org/details/evolutionsworksh00lars/page/108. "The Albatross stayed in the archipelago for less than two weeks in 1888, but managed to stop at eight different islands. The ship’s naturalists and crew gathered specimens at each anchorage, concentrating on birds, reptiles, and fish. The landfalls included the abandoned settlement on Charles Island, where the ship’s captain report "great numbers of cattle, horses, mules, donkeys, sheep and hots were running wild" where native species once flourished, and a new sugarcane plantation and cattle ranch on Chatham Island that also encroached on wild habitat." 
  33. "May Sell Galapagos; Ecuador Needs Money, Wants Rid of Key to Canal". United Press. The Pittsburgh Press. 21 January 1929. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19290121&id=dksbAAAAIBAJ&pg=6398,2635333. 
  34. Fischer, Ferenc (1999). "¿La guantánamo del océano pacífico? la rivalidad de los EE.UU., Alemania, Japón, y Chile por la adquisición de las islas galápagos antes de la I guerra mundial" (in es). El modelo militar prusiano y las fuerzas armadas de Chile 1885–1945. Pécs, Hungary: University Press. pp. 71–87. 
  35. Tapia, Claudio (2009). La creación de un área de influencia en América del Sur. Las relaciones políticas, económicas y militares de Chile con Ecuador y Paraguay (1883–1914) (Ph.D.) (in español). instituto de estudios avanzados, Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
  36. See Michael Morris, "The Strait of Magellan", Martinus Nijhoff Publisher, 1989, ISBN:0-7923-0181-1, pages 62 and 63
  37. Garay Vera, Cristián (2011). "La imaginación territorial chilena y la apoteosis de la armada de chile 1888–1940. Otra mirada a los límites 'Naturales'" (in es). Revista enfoques (University of Santiago, Chile) 9 (15): 75–95. https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/RevistaenfoquesSantiago/2011/vol9/no15/4.pdf. Retrieved 23 February 2021. 
  38. Fischer, Ferenc (2008-04-21). "La expansión (1885-1918) del modelo militar alemán y su pervivencia (1919-1933) en América Latina" (in es). Revista del CESLA (University of Warsaw) 11: 135–160. https://www.revistadelcesla.com/index.php/revistadelcesla/article/view/196/193. Retrieved 25 February 2021. 
  39. Lundh, Jacob P.. Galápagos: A Brief History. http://www.galapagos.to/TEXTS/LUNDH1-1.php. Retrieved 25 February 2021. 
  40. Hoff, Stein (in Norwegian). Drømmen om Galápagos. Grøndahl & Sønn. http://www.galapagos.to/TEXTS/HOFFTofC.php. Retrieved 25 February 2021. 
  41. "Galápagos Conservation". galapagos.com. http://www.galapagos.com/conservation.php. 
  42. Stutz, Bruce D. (1995). "The sea cucumber war". Audubon 97 (3): 16. 
  43. Grant, K. Thalia. (2009) "Darwin and the Galapagos: Evolution of a Legacy". World Heritage No. 54 https://whc.unesco.org/en/review/54/
  44. "Galápagos no longer on List of World Heritage in Danger – News Watch". Blogs.nationalgeographic.com. 29 July 2010. http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2010/07/29/galapagos-no-longer-world-heri/. 
  45. "The islands that once inspired Charles Darwin struggle to adapt to the coronavirus" (in en-US). Associated Press. 2020-05-11. https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-05-11/pandemic-upends-life-on-isolated-idyllic-galapagos-islands. 
  46. "Feral dogs and cats in Galápagos". Petsaspests.blogspot.com.es. http://petsaspests.blogspot.com.es/search/label/Gal%C3%A1pagos. 
  47. Nicholls, Henry (15 May 2013). "Invasive species: The 18-km2 rat trap". Nature 497 (7449): 306–308. doi:10.1038/497306a. PMID 23676736. Bibcode: 2013Natur.497..306N. http://www.nature.com/news/invasive-species-the-18-km2-rat-trap-1.12992. Retrieved 8 November 2015. 
  48. "Invasive Species". http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/conservation/conservationchallenges/invasive-species/. 
  49. "Project Isabela". Galapagos Conservancy. http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/conservation/project-areas/ecosystem-restoration/project-isabela/. 
  50. John (5 March 2015). "Project Isabela: When Slaughtering 250,000 Goats Meant Saving A Species". All That Is Interesting. http://all-that-is-interesting.com/project-isabela. 
  51. Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F (2018-02-22). "Non-native small terrestrial vertebrates in the Galapagos" (in en). PeerJ Preprints. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.26563v1. ISSN 2167-9843.  https://dx.doi.org/10.7287%2Fpeerj.preprints.26563v1
  52. Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. (2018). "The Hitchhiker Wave: Non-native Small Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Galapagos" (in en). Understanding Invasive Species in the Galapagos Islands. Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands. Springer, Cham. pp. 95–139. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67177-2_7. ISBN 9783319671765.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-67177-2_7
  53. Carr, Lindsey A; Stier, Adrian C; Fietz, Katharina; Montero, Ignacio; Gallagher, Austin J; Bruno, John F (2013). "Illegal shark fishing in the Galápagos Marine Reserve". Marine Policy 39: 317–321. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.12.005. https://blog1.miami.edu/sharklab/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2018/08/Carr-et-al-2013.pdf. Retrieved 12 March 2013. 
  54. Urbina, Ian (November 1, 2020). "China's Outlaw Fishermen. Le Monde Diplomatique". https://mondediplo.com/2020/11/05fishing. 
  55. "World Heritage in Danger List". UNESCO World Heritage. https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/. 
  56. "World Heritage Committee inscribes the Tombs of Buganda Kings (Uganda) and removes Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)". UNESCO World Heritage. https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/636. 
  57. "BBC NEWS, Sea lions massacred in Galápagos". BBC News. 29 January 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7214860.stm. 
  58. New 7 Wonders of the World: Live Ranking http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/liveranking/
  59. "Post-Rat Eradication and Monitoring on Pinzón". Galapagos Conservancy. http://www.galapagos.org/conservation/conservation/project-areas/ecosystem-restoration/rat-eradication/. 
  60. "Galapagos: El Niño and La Niña". https://www.galapagos-islands.com/2018/05/galapagos-el-nino-and-la-nina.html. 
  61. "Galápagos Islands" in The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide (2010). Abington: Helicon.
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