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HandWiki. Sources for the Historicity of Jesus. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35992 (accessed on 13 September 2026).
HandWiki. Sources for the Historicity of Jesus. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35992. Accessed September 13, 2026.
HandWiki. "Sources for the Historicity of Jesus" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35992 (accessed September 13, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 23). Sources for the Historicity of Jesus. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35992
HandWiki. "Sources for the Historicity of Jesus." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 November, 2022.
Sources for the Historicity of Jesus
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Religion:Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus

Christian sources, such as the New Testament books in the Christian Bible, include detailed stories about Jesus but scholars differ on the historicity of specific episodes described in the Biblical accounts of Jesus. The only two events subject to "almost universal assent" are that Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist and was crucified by the order of the Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate. Non-Christian sources that are used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus include Jewish sources such as Josephus, and Roman sources such as Tacitus. These sources are compared to Christian sources such as the Pauline Epistles and the Synoptic Gospels. These sources are usually independent of each other (e.g. Jewish sources do not draw upon Roman sources), and similarities and differences between them are used in the authentication process. In a review of the state of research, the Jewish scholar Amy-Jill Levine stated that "no single picture of Jesus has convinced all, or even most scholars" and that all portraits of Jesus are subject to criticism by some group of scholars.

historicity josephus jesus

References

  1. Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). Josephus, Judaism and Christianity BRILL. ISBN:978-90-04-08554-1. pp. 54–57
  2. Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war. Kregel Academic. ISBN:978-0-8254-3260-6 pp. 284–285
  3. Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war. Kregel Academic. ISBN:978-0-8254-3260-6 p. 12
  4. Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. pp. 121–125. ISBN 0521796784. 
  5. Kostenberger, Andreas J.; Kellum, L. Scott; Quarles, Charles L. (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament ISBN:0-8054-4365-7 pp. 104–105
  6. Bart Ehrman, Jesus Interrupted, p. 159, Harper Collins
  7. Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. ISBN:0-8010-3114-1 pp. 128–130
  8. Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. ISBN:0-8010-3114-1 pp. 129–130
  9. Painter, John (2005). Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition. ISBN:0-567-04191-3 p. 137
  10. Feldman, Louis H.; Hata, Gōhei. Josephus, Judaism and Christianity. Brill. ISBN:90-04-08554-8. p. 56
  11. Louis Feldman (ISBN:90-04-08554-8 pp. 55–57) states that the authenticity of the Josephus passage on James has been "almost universally acknowledged".
  12. Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9 p. 83
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  15. Sample quotes from previous references: Van Voorst (ISBN:0-8028-4368-9 p. 83) states that the overwhelming majority of scholars consider both the reference to "the brother of Jesus called Christ" and the entire passage that includes it as authentic." Bauckham (ISBN:90-04-11550-1 pp. 199–203) states: "the vast majority have considered it to be authentic". Meir (ISBN:978-0-8254-3260-6 pp. 108–109) agrees with Feldman that few have questioned the authenticity of the James passage. Setzer (ISBN:0-8006-2680-X pp. 108–109) also states that few have questioned its authenticity.
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  82. Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell (1998) ISBN:0664257038 p. 34
  83. Jesus and the Politics of his Day by E. Bammel and C. F. D. Moule (1985) ISBN:0521313449 p. 393
  84. The Beginnings of Christianity by Howard Clark Kee (2005) ISBN:0567027414 p. 71
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  95. Henry Chadwick (2003). The Church in ancient society: from Galilee to Gregory the Great. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-19-926577-0. https://books.google.com/?id=nLic1cabc8gC&pg=PA15. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 
  96. George J. Brooke (2005). The Dead Sea scrolls and the New Testament. Fortress Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-0-8006-3723-1. https://books.google.com/?id=hPx8vvYPuc8C&pg=PA20. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 
  97. Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN:0805444823 pp. 53–54
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  101. https://books.google.com/books?id=NmZ7Q1-8QkEC&pg=PA274&lpg=PA274&dq=One+might+more+easily+teach+novelties+to+the+followers+of+Moses+and+Christ+than+to+the+physicians+and+philosophers+who+cling+fast+to+their+schools&source=bl&ots=Iu54l5PSMP&sig=Q8nlSJJRzBzUrAgqCeupkpIHjP8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwic_umTobXPAhVGw2MKHe7sAU0Q6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=One%20might%20more%20easily%20teach%20novelties%20to%20the%20followers%20of%20Moses%20and%20Christ%20than%20to%20the%20physicians%20and%20philosophers%20who%20cling%20fast%20to%20their%20schools&f=false
  102. Lorenzi, Rossella (March 14, 2012). "Trial Does Not Settle 'Brother of Jesus' Controversy". Discovery News. http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/james-ossuary-120314.htm. 
  103. Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M., & Goren, Y. (2004). "Authenticity examination of the inscription on the ossuary attributed to James, brother of Jesus". Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (8): 1185–1189. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2004.03.001.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2004.03.001
  104. Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; pp. xix–xx, 46–47
  105. Mack, Burton L. (1996)"Who Wrote the New Testament: the making of a Christian Myth"(Harper One)
  106. Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; pp. 46–47
  107. Buetz, Jeffrey J.(2005), "The Brother of Jesus and the Lost Teachings of Christianity".(Inner Traditions)
  108. Ehrman, Bart D. (2010), "Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don't Know About Them)" (Harper One 1 Reprint edition (2 February 2010)). pp. 143–144
  109. Einsenman, Robert (2002), "james, the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls" (Watkins)
  110. Tuckett, Christopher M. (2001). Markus N. A. Bockmuehl. ed. The Cambridge Companion to Jesus. pp. 122–126. ISBN 0521796784. 
  111. Jesus Christ in History and Scripture by Edgar V. McKnight 1999 ISBN:0865546770 p. 38
  112. Victor Furnish in Paul and Jesus edited by Alexander J. M. Wedderburn 2004 (Academic Paperback) ISBN:0567083969 pp. 43–44
  113. From Jesus to Christianity, San Francisco: HarperCollins, 2004 p. 4
  114. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible by James D. G. Dunn (19 Nov 2003) ISBN:0802837115 p. 1274 "There is general scholarly agreement that seven of the thirteen letters beariing Pau's name are authentic, but his authorship of the other six cannot be taken for granted... Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and Philomen are certainly Paul's own."
  115. The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament by David E. Aune ISBN:1405108258 p. 9 "... seven of the letters attributed to Paul are almost universally accepted as authentic (Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, Philomen)..."
  116. Pheme Perkins, Reading the New Testament: An Introduction (Paulist Press, 1988), ISBN:0809129396 pp. 4–7.
  117. Edward Adams "Paul, Jesus and Christ" in The Blackwell Companion to Jesus edited by Delbert Burkett 2010 ISBN:140519362X pp. 94–96
  118. Peter Gorday in Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism by Harold W. Attridge 1992 ISBN:0814323618 pp. 139–141
  119. Buetz, Jeffrey (op cit)
  120. Eisenman, Robert (op cit)
  121. Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making by James D. G. Dunn (2003) ISBN:0802839312 p. 143
  122. James D. G. Dunn "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus" in Sacrifice and Redemption edited by S. W. Sykes (2007) Cambridge University Press ISBN:052104460X pp. 35–36
  123. Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN:0805444823 pp. 441–442
  124. Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN:0860120066 p. 31
  125. Jesus according to Paul by Victor Paul Furnish 1994 ISBN:0521458242 pp. 19–20
  126. Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN:0830826998 pp. 95–96
  127. Paul and Scripture by Steve Moyise (1 Jul 2010) ISBN:080103924X p. 5
  128. Paul, Antioch and Jerusalem by Nicholas Taylor 1991 ISBN:1850753318 p. 177
  129. The Tapestry of Early Christian Discourse by Vernon K. Robbins (1996) ISBN:0415139988 pp. 74–75
  130. Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making by James D. G. Dunn (2003) ISBN:0802839312 p. 507
  131. Galatians by Frank J. Matera 2007 ISBN:0814659721 p. 65–66
  132. Galatians by Martinus C. de Boer 2011 ISBN:0664221238 p. 121
  133. The Jesus legend: a case for the historical reliability of the synoptic gospels' by Paul R. Eddy, Gregory A. Boyd 2007 ISBN:0-8010-3114-1 pp. 46–47
  134. 1 Corinthians by Richard Oster 1995 ISBN:0899006337 p. 353
  135. Apostle Paul: His Life and Theology by Udo Schnelle (1 Nov 2005) ISBN:0801027969 pp. 329–330
  136. Can We Trust the New Testament? by George Albert Wells 2003 ISBN:0812695674 p. 49–50
  137. 'Jesus of Nazareth: An independent historian's account of his life and teaching by Maurice Casey pp. 39–40
  138. The Evidence for Jesus by James D. G. Dunn (1986) ISBN:0664246982 p. 29
  139. Paul's Letter to the Romans by Colin G. Kruse (2012) ISBN:0802837433 pp. 41–42
  140. The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament edited by David E. Aune 2010 ISBN:1405108258 p. 424
  141. Worship in the Early Church by Ralph P. Martin 1975 ISBN:0802816134 pp. 57–58
  142. Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making, Volume 1 by James D. G. Dunn (2003) ISBN:0802839312 pp. 142–143
  143. Neufeld, The Earliest Christian Confessions (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964) p. 47 Reginald H. Fuller, The Formation of the Resurrection Narratives (New York: Macmillan, 1971) p. 10 Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus – God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90 Oscar Cullmann, The Earlychurch: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 64 Hans Conzelmann, 1 Corinthians, translated James W. Leitch (Philadelphia: Fortress 1969) p. 251 Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament vol. 1 pp. 45, 80–82, 293 R. E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) pp. 81, 92
  144. see Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus – God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968)p. 90; Oscar Cullmann, The Early church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 66–66; R. E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) pp. 81; Thomas Sheehan, First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity (New York: Random House, 1986 pp. 110, 118; Ulrich Wilckens, Resurrection translated A. M. Stewart (Edinburgh: Saint Andrew, 1977) p. 2; Hans Grass, Ostergeschen und Osterberichte, Second Edition (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1962) p. 96; Grass favors the origin in Damascus.
  145. Hans von Campenhausen, "The Events of Easter and the Empty Tomb," in Tradition and Life in the Church (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1968) p. 44
  146. Archibald Hunter, Works and Words of Jesus (1973) p. 100
  147. Creeds of the Churches, Third Edition by John H. Leith (1982) ISBN:0804205264 p. 12
  148. Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN:0-8054-4482-3 pp. 441–442
  149. The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4 by Erwin Fahlbusch, 2005 ISBN:978-0-8028-2416-5 pp. 52–56
  150. The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary by Craig A. Evans 2003 ISBN:0-7814-3868-3 pp. 465–477
  151. New Testament Theology by Paul Haffner 2008 ISBN:88-902268-0-3 p. 135
  152. A Guide to the Gospels by W. Graham Scroggie 1995 ISBN:0-8254-3744-X p. 128
  153. The Gospel of John by Francis J. Moloney, Daniel J. Harrington 1998 ISBN:0-8146-5806-7 p. 3
  154. Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN:0-86012-006-6 pp. 730–731
  155. Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology by Timothy Wiarda 2010 ISBN:0-8054-4843-8 pp. 75–78
  156. Matthew by David L. Turner 2008 ISBN:0-8010-2684-9 p. 613
  157. Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus ISBN:0140144994 Penguin, 1993. p. 3
  158. Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus by Gerald O'Collins 2009 ISBN:0-19-955787-X pp. 1–3
  159. Dunn, James D. G. (2003). Jesus Remembered. p. 339. ISBN 0-8028-3931-2.  States that baptism and crucifixion are "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".
  160. Chilton, Bruce; Evans, Craig A. (2002). Authenticating the Activities of Jesus. pp. 3–7. ISBN 0391041649. 
  161. Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible edited by James D. G. Dunn (2003) ISBN:0802837115 pp. 1064–1065
  162. Meier, John P. (1991). A Marginal Jew. New York City: Doubleday. pp. v.2 955–6. ISBN 0-385-46993-4. 
  163. Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "The Gospels" pp. 266–268
  164. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Q–Z by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1995) ISBN:0802837840 pp. 1–3
  165. The New Testament: History, Literature, Religion by Gerd Theissen 2003 ISBN p. 31
  166. Three Views on the Origins of the Synoptic Gospels by Robert L. Thomas 2002 ISBN:0825438381 p. 35
  167. The New Testament: History, Literature, Religion by Gerd Theissen 2003 ISBN p. x
  168. Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9 p. 7
  169. Richard Bauckham Jesus and the Eyewitnesses (Eerdmans, 2006), ISBN:0802831621 pp. 15–21.
  170. The Early Christian Church: Volume 2, The Second Christian Century by Philip Carrington (2011) ISBN:0521157382 pp. 22–23
  171. The archeology of the New Testament by Jack Finegan (1981) ISBN:0709910061 pp. 42–43
  172. Interpreting the Gospel of John by Gary M. Burge (1998) ISBN:0801010217 pp. 52–53
  173. Eusebius: The Church History by Eusebius and Paul L. Maier (2007) ISBN:082543307X p. 119
  174. Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses (Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2006), pp. 53–54
  175. Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses (Cambridge: Eerdmans, 2006), p. 531.
  176. Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9 pp. 215–217
  177. The Historical Jesus of the Gospels by Craig S. Keener 2012 ISBN:0802868886 pp. 52–54
  178. Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium by Bart D. Ehrman 2001 ISBN:019512474X pp. 72–78
  179. The Book of Revelation by Robert H. Mounce 1997 ISBN:0802825370 p. 11
  180. The Symbolic Jesus by William Edward Arnal 2005 ISBN:1845530071 pp. 60–70
  181. Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9 p. 183
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