Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Dean Liu -- 4898 2022-11-23 01:42:40

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Human Genetic Clustering. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35984 (accessed on 16 September 2026).
HandWiki. Human Genetic Clustering. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35984. Accessed September 16, 2026.
HandWiki. "Human Genetic Clustering" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35984 (accessed September 16, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 23). Human Genetic Clustering. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35984
HandWiki. "Human Genetic Clustering." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 November, 2022.
Human Genetic Clustering
Edit

Human genetic clustering is the degree to which human genetic variation can be partitioned into a small number of groups or clusters. A leading method of analysis uses mathematical cluster analysis of the degree of similarity of genetic data between individuals and groups in order to infer population structures and assign individuals to hypothesized ancestral groups. A similar analysis can be done using principal component analysis, and several recent studies deploy both methods. Analysis of genetic clustering examines the degree to which regional groups differ genetically, the categorization of individuals into clusters, and what can be learned about human ancestry from this data. There is broad scientific agreement that a relatively small fraction of human genetic variation occurs between populations, continents, or clusters. Researchers of genetic clustering differ, however, on whether genetic variation is principally clinal or whether clusters inferred mathematically are important and scientifically useful.

cluster analysis genetic clustering degree of similarity

References

  1. Lewontin, R. C. (1972). The Apportionment of Human Diversity. 6. Theodosius Dobzhansky, Max K. Hecht, William C. Steere (eds.). 381–398. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_14. ISBN 978-1-4684-9065-7.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_14
  2. Barbujani, Guido; Magagni, Arianna; Minch, Eric; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca (1997-04-29). "An apportionment of human DNA diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94 (9): 4516–4519. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4516. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 9114021. Bibcode: 1997PNAS...94.4516B.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20754
  3. Seielstad, Mark T.; Minch, Eric; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca (1998). "Genetic evidence for a higher female migration rate in humans". Nature Genetics 20 (3): 278–280. doi:10.1038/3088. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 9806547.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F3088
  4. Barbujani, G.; Ghirotto, S.; Tassi, F. (2013-09-01). "Nine things to remember about human genome diversity". Tissue Antigens 82 (3): 155–164. doi:10.1111/tan.12165. ISSN 1399-0039. PMID 24032721.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Ftan.12165
  5. Hunley, Keith L.; Cabana, Graciela S.; Long, Jeffrey C. (2015-12-01). "The apportionment of human diversity revisited". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 160 (4): 561–569. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22899. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 26619959.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22899
  6. Edwards, A.W.F. (2003-08-01). "Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy". BioEssays 25 (8): 798–801. doi:10.1002/bies.10315. ISSN 1521-1878. PMID 12879450.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.10315
  7. Long, Jeffrey C.; Kittles, Rick A. (2009). "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". Human Biology 81 (5): 777–798. doi:10.3378/027.081.0621. ISSN 1534-6617. PMID 20504196. https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_biology/v081/81.5-6.long.html. Retrieved 2016-01-13. 
  8. Sarich VM, Miele F. Race: The Reality of Human Differences. Westview Press (2004). ISBN:0-8133-4086-1
  9. Long, Jeffrey C.; Kittles, Rick A. (2009). "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". Human Biology 81 (5): 793–794. doi:10.3378/027.081.0621. ISSN 1534-6617. PMID 20504196. https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_biology/v081/81.5-6.long.html. Retrieved 2016-01-13. 
  10. Latter, B. D. H. (1980). "Genetic Differences Within and Between Populations of the Major Human Subgroups". The American Naturalist 116 (2): 220–237. doi:10.1086/283624. ISSN 0003-0147.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F283624
  11. Jorde, L. B.; Watkins, W. S.; Bamshad, M. J.; Dixon, M. E.; Ricker, C. E.; Seielstad, M. T.; Batzer, M. A. (2000). "The Distribution of Human Genetic Diversity: A Comparison of Mitochondrial, Autosomal, and Y-Chromosome Data". The American Journal of Human Genetics 66 (3): 979–988. doi:10.1086/302825. ISSN 0002-9297. PMID 10712212.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1288178
  12. Brown, Ryan A.; Armelagos, George J. (2001). "Apportionment of racial diversity: a review". Evolutionary Anthropology 10 (1): 34–40. doi:10.1002/1520-6505(2001)10:1<34::aid-evan1011>3.0.co;2-p.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F1520-6505%282001%2910%3A1%3C34%3A%3Aaid-evan1011%3E3.0.co%3B2-p
  13. Romualdi, Chiara; Balding, David; Nasidze, Ivane S.; Risch, Gregory; Robichaux, Myles; Sherry, Stephen T.; Stoneking, Mark; Batzer, Mark A. et al. (2002). "Patterns of human diversity, within and among continents, inferred from biallelic DNA polymorphisms". Genome Research 12 (4): 602–612. doi:10.1101/gr.214902. PMID 11932244.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187513
  14. Quote from Rosenberg, Noah A.; Pritchard, Jonathan K.; Weber, James L.; Cann, Howard M.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Feldman, Marcus W. (2002-12-20). "Genetic Structure of Human Populations". Science 298 (5602): 2381–2385. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12493913. Bibcode: 2002Sci...298.2381R.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078311
  15. The table gives the percentage likelihood that two individuals from different clusters are genetically more similar to each other than to someone from their own population when 377 microsatellite markers are considered from Michael Bamshad (2004). "Deconstructing the Relationship Between Genetics and Race". Nature Reviews Genetics 5 (598): 598–609. doi:10.1038/nrg1401. PMID 15266342. , original data from Rosenberg (2002). https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1401
  16. Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08750-4. https://www.google.com/books?id=FrwNcwKaUKoC&pg=PA349. 
  17. Genes, peoples, and languages, Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1997, vol.94, pp.7719–7724, doi=10.1073/pnas.94.15.7719 http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/94/15/7719
  18. Witherspoon, D.J.; Wooding, S.; Rogers, A.R.; Marchani, E.E.; Watkins, W.S.; Batzer, M.A.; Jorde, L.B. (2007). "Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations". Genetics 176 (1): 351–359. doi:10.1534/genetics.106.067355. PMID 17339205.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1893020
  19. Wapples, R.; Gaggiotti, O. (2006). "What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity". Molecular Ecology 15 (6): 1419–1439. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02890.x. PMID 16629801. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1462&context=usdeptcommercepub. 
  20. Lynn B Jorde & Stephen P Wooding, 2004, "Genetic variation, classification and 'race'" in Nature Genetics 36, S28–S33 Genetic variation, classification and 'race' http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1435.html
  21. Rosenberg, Noah A.; Pritchard, Jonathan K.; Weber, James L.; Cann, Howard M.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Feldman, Marcus W. (2002-12-20). "Genetic Structure of Human Populations". Science 298 (5602): 2381–2385. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12493913. Bibcode: 2002Sci...298.2381R.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078311
  22. Serre, David; Pääbo, Svante (September 2004). "Evidence for gradients of human genetic diversity within and among continents". Genome Research 14 (9): 1679–1685. doi:10.1101/gr.2529604. ISSN 1088-9051. PMID 15342553.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=515312
  23. Rosenberg, NAExpression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2005). "Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure". PLoS Genet 1 (6): e70. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070. PMID 16355252.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1310579
  24. Li, Jun Z.; Absher, Devin M.; Tang, Hua; Southwick, Audrey M.; Casto, Amanda M.; Ramachandran, Sohini; Cann, Howard M.; Barsh, Gregory S. et al. (2008-02-22). "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation". Science 319 (5866): 1100–1104. doi:10.1126/science.1153717. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18292342. Bibcode: 2008Sci...319.1100L.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1153717
  25. Tishkoff, Sarah A; Reed, Floyd A; Friedlaender, Françoise R; Ehret, Christopher; Ranciaro, Alessia; Froment, Alain; Hirbo, Jibril B; Awomoyi, Agnes A et al. (2009-05-22). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science 324 (5930): 1035–1044. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19407144. Bibcode: 2009Sci...324.1035T.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2947357
  26. Xing, Jinchuan; Watkins, W. Scott; Shlien, Adam; Walker, Erin; Huff, Chad D.; Witherspoon, David J.; Zhang, Yuhua; Simonson, Tatum S. et al. (October 2010). "Toward a more uniform sampling of human genetic diversity: A survey of worldwide populations by high-density genotyping". Genomics 96 (4): 199–210. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.07.004. ISSN 0888-7543. PMID 20643205.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2945611
  27. Roberts, Dorothy (2011). Fatal Invention. London, New York: The New Press. 
  28. Noah A. Rosenberg; Saurabh Mahajan; Sohini Ramachandran; Chengfeng Zhao; Jonathan K. Pritchard; Marcus Feldman (2005). "Clines, Clusters, and the Effects of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Science". PLOS Genetics 1 (6): 660, 668. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070. PMID 16355252.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1310579
  29. Kenneth M. Weiss; Brian W. Lambert (2010). "Does History Matter? Do the Facts of Human Variation Package Our Views or Do Our Views Package the Facts?". Evolutionary Anthropology 19 (3): 92–97. doi:10.1002/evan.20261.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.20261
  30. Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, Feldman MW (December 2005). "Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure". PLoS Genetics 1 (6): e70. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070. PMID 16355252.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1310579
  31. "Back with a Vengeance: the Reemergence of a Biological Conceptualization of Race in Research on Race/Ethnic Disparities in Health Reanne Frank". http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=61713. 
  32. Bolnick, Deborah A. (2008). "Individual Ancestry Inference and the Reification of Race as a Biological Phenomenon". in Koenig, Barbara A.; Richardson, Sarah S.; Lee, Sandra Soo-Jin. Revisiting race in a genomic age. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-4324-6. 
  33. Kalinowski. The Computer Program STRUCTURE Does Not Reliably Identify Main Genetic Clusters Within Species. 4. pp. 67–77. 
  34. Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khalig, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto papioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A. Underhill, and Qasim Ayub (2007). "Y-Chromosomal Evidence for a Limited Greek Contribution to the Pathan Population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMID 17047675.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2588664
  35. Supporting Online Material for Tishkoff, Sarah A; Reed, Floyd A; Friedlaender, Françoise R; Ehret, Christopher; Ranciaro, Alessia; Froment, Alain; Hirbo, Jibril B; Awomoyi, Agnes A et al. (2009-05-22). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science 324 (5930): 1035–1044. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19407144. Bibcode: 2009Sci...324.1035T.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2947357
  36. Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia , The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium, 2009 http://www.humpopgenfudan.cn/p/A/A1.pdf
  37. "Response to OMB Directive 15". American Anthropological Association. 1997. http://www.aaanet.org/gvt/ombdraft.htm. 
  38. A.W.F. Edwards (2003). "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy". BioEssays 25 (8): 798–801. doi:10.1002/bies.10315. PMID 12879450.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.10315
  39. Wade, Nicholas (2015-04-28). A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-312716-1. 
  40. Raff, Jennifer (1 July 2014). "Nicholas Wade and Race: Building a Scientific Façade". Human Biology 86 (3): 227–232. doi:10.13110/humanbiology.86.3.0227. ISSN 0018-7143. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol86/iss3/7. 
  41. Leroi, Armand Marie (14 March 2005). "A Family Tree in Every Gene". New York Times. http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Leroi/. 
  42. Social Science Research Council. "Is Race "Real"?". http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/. 
  43. "Confusion About Human Races". Social Science Research Council. 26 July 2006. http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Lewontin. 
  44. Charles N. Rotini; Lynn B. Jorde (2010). "Ancestry and Disease in the Age of Genomic Medicine". New England Journal of Medicine 363 (16): 1551–1552. doi:10.1056/nejmra0911564. PMID 20942671.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejmra0911564
  45. S.O.Y. Keita; Rick A. Kittles (1997). "The Persistence of Racial Thinking and the Myth of Racial Divergence". American Anthropologist 99 (3): 534–544. doi:10.1525/aa.1997.99.3.534.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1997.99.3.534
  46. Rick A. Kittles; Kenneth M. Wells (2003). "Race, Ancestry, and Genes: Implications for Defining Disease Risk". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 4: 33–67. doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110356. PMID 14527296.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.genom.4.070802.110356
  47. Analabha Basul (2003). "Ethnic India: A Genomic View with Special Reference to Peopling and Structure". Genome Research 13 (10): 2277–90. doi:10.1101/gr.1413403. PMID 14525929.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=403703
  48. Reardon, Jenny (2005). Race to the Finish: Identity and Governance in the Age of Genomics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 
  49. Graves, Joseph (2004). The Race Myth. New York: Dutton. p. 113. https://archive.org/details/racemythwhywepre00grav. 
  50. Mary-Claire King; Arno G. Motulsky (2002). "Mapping Human History". Science 298 (5602): 2342–2343. doi:10.1126/science.1080373. PMID 12493903.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1080373
  51. Michael Bamshad (2004). "Deconstructing the Relationship Between Genetics and Race". Nature Reviews Genetics 5 (598): 598–609. doi:10.1038/nrg1401. PMID 15266342.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1401
  52. John H. Fujimura; Ramya Rajagopalan; Pilar N. Ossorio; Kjell A. Doksum (2010). "Race and Ancestry: Operationalizing Populations in Human Genetic Variation Studies". What's the Use of Race? Modern Governance and the Biology of Difference. 
  53. L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza; Paolo Menozzi; Alberto Piazza (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 
  54. Loring Brace, C. 2005. Race is a four letter word. Oxford University Press.
  55. Kaplan, Jonathan Michael (January 2011) 'Race': What Biology Can Tell Us about a Social Construct. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester
  56. Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2011) ¿La cosificación genética de la 'raza'? Un análisis crítico in C López-Beltrán (ed.) Genes (&) Mestizos. Genómica y raza en la biomedicina mexicana. Ficticia editorial http://philpapers.org/archive/WINLCG.1.pdf
  57. Kaplan, Jonathan Michael, Winther, Rasmus Grønfeldt (2012). Prisoners of Abstraction? The Theory and Measure of Genetic Variation, and the Very Concept of 'Race' Biological Theory 7 http://philpapers.org/archive/KAPPOA.14.pdf
  58. Graves, Joseph. 2001. The Emperor's New Clothes. Rutgers University Press
  59. Weiss, KM; Fullerton, SM (2005). "Racing around, getting nowhere". Evolutionary Anthropology 14 (5): 165–169. doi:10.1002/evan.20079.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fevan.20079
  60. Mills CW (1988) "But What Are You Really? The Metaphysics of Race" in Blackness visible: essays on philosophy and race, pp. 41–66. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY
  61. Pillar Ossorio (2005). "Race, Genetic Variation, and the Haplotype Mapping Project". Louisiana Law Review 66 (131, 141). 
  62. Royal, Novembre, Fullerton. Inferring Genetic Ancestry. 
  63. Mark D., Shriver; Rick A. Kittles (2004). "Genetic Ancestry and the Search for Personalized Genetic Histories". Nature Reviews Genetics 5 (8): 611–8. doi:10.1038/nrg1405. PMID 15266343.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrg1405
  64. Wilson, James F.; Weale, Michael E.; Smith, Alice C.; Gratrix, Fiona; Fletcher, Benjamin; Thomas, Mark G.; Bradman, Neil; Goldstein, David B. (2001). "Population genetic structure of variable drug response". Nature Genetics 29 (3): 265–69. doi:10.1038/ng761. PMID 11685208.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng761
  65. Mohamoud, A. M. (October 2006). "P52 Characteristics of HLA Class I and Class II Antigens of the Somali Population". Transfusion Medicine 16 (Supplement s1): 47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3148.2006.00694_52.x.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3148.2006.00694_52.x
  66. Braun, Lundy; Evelynn Hammonds (2008). "Race, Populations, and Genomics: Africa as Laboratory". Social Science & Medicine 67 (10): 1580–8. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.018. PMID 18755531.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2008.07.018
  67. "Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data". Genetics 155 (2): 945–59. 2000. PMID 10835412.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1461096
  68. Alexander, D. H.; Novembre, J.; Lange, K. (2009). "Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals". Genome Research 19 (9): 1655–1664. doi:10.1101/gr.094052.109. ISSN 1088-9051. PMID 19648217.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2752134
  69. "Estimation of individual admixture: analytical and study design considerations". Genet. Epidemiol. 28 (4): 289–301. 2005. doi:10.1002/gepi.20064. PMID 15712363.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fgepi.20064
  70. Frichot, E. and Mathieu, F. and Trouillon, T. and Bouchard, G. and Francois, O. (2014). "Fast and efficient estimation of individual ancestry coefficients". Genetics 196 (4): 973–983. doi:10.1534/genetics.113.160572. PMID 24496008.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3982712
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 7.0K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 23 Nov 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service