Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Emanuele Gotelli
 -- 1594 2022-11-23 02:25:30 |
2 format correct
Catherine Yang
 Meta information modification 1594 2022-11-23 02:27:55 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Gotelli, E.;  Soldano, S.;  Hysa, E.;  Paolino, S.;  Campitiello, R.;  Pizzorni, C.;  Sulli, A.;  Smith, V.;  Cutolo, M. Vitamin D Serum Concentrations and COVID-19. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35891 (accessed on 17 November 2024).
Gotelli E,  Soldano S,  Hysa E,  Paolino S,  Campitiello R,  Pizzorni C, et al. Vitamin D Serum Concentrations and COVID-19. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35891. Accessed November 17, 2024.
Gotelli, Emanuele, Stefano Soldano, Elvis Hysa, Sabrina Paolino, Rosanna Campitiello, Carmen Pizzorni, Alberto Sulli, Vanessa Smith, Maurizio Cutolo. "Vitamin D Serum Concentrations and COVID-19" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35891 (accessed November 17, 2024).
Gotelli, E.,  Soldano, S.,  Hysa, E.,  Paolino, S.,  Campitiello, R.,  Pizzorni, C.,  Sulli, A.,  Smith, V., & Cutolo, M. (2022, November 23). Vitamin D Serum Concentrations and COVID-19. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35891
Gotelli, Emanuele, et al. "Vitamin D Serum Concentrations and COVID-19." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 November, 2022.
Vitamin D Serum Concentrations and COVID-19
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nu14224907

Active vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D3—calcitriol] is a secosteroid hormone whose receptor is expressed on all cells of the immune system. Vitamin D has a global anti-inflammatory effect and its role in the management of a SARS-CoV-2 infection has been investigated since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.

vitamin D neuroendocrine immunology intracrinology COVID-19

1. Effects of Vitamin D on Susceptibility to COVID-19

In recent years, 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations, especially below 25 nmol/L (10 ng/mL) have been identified as a risk factor for susceptibility to viral respiratory infections [1]. As a consequence, several studies have been performed to investigate the correlation between 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations and the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and a recent meta-analysis of fifty-four papers has shown that a 25(OH)D3 deficiency (less than 30 ng/mL) was significantly associated with a SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratios between 1.49 and 1.83 depending on the levels of 25(OH)D3 deficiency) [2]. Of note, an observational study of 379 United Kingdom (UK) healthcare workers has found a U-shaped relationship between 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations and SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity: the susceptibility to COVID-19 increases with 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations below 30 ng/mL (the lower the levels, the greater the risk), but, surprisingly, even with 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations above 40 ng/mL (the higher the levels, the greater the risk) [3]. Therefore, 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations of 40 ng/mL seem the optimal target in the general population [4]. However, to explain the increase in the infectious risk reported in the previous study, it is important to remember that reaching high 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations too quickly is counterproductive, as they activate fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and 24-hydroxylase signaling, which inactivates calcitriol [5][6].

2. Effects of Vitamin D on Severity of COVID-19

Several studies have investigated the correlation between 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations and the severity of a SARS-CoV-2 infection (disease duration, pulmonary involvement, risk of need for intensive care units—ICUs—and overall mortality) [7]. 25(OH)D3 significantly correlates with the length of hospitalization, the need for invasive cares, such as mechanical ventilation, the lung involvement and the mortality [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Although there is not a total agreement in the observational studies conducted so far [17][18], most of the meta-analyzes confirm the significant correlation between 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations and the severity of COVID-19, even when caused by the more recent omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 [19][20][21][22][23].

3. COVID-19 and Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation

In light of the previously reported evidence, firstly open-label and subsequently placebo-controlled RCTs evaluated the efficacy of a vitamin D supplementation in reducing the impact of COVID-19 [24]. Some authors were concerned that low 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations found in COVID-19 patients could be interpreted more as a consequence of the systemic inflammation, rather than a predisposing factor for the development of the disease [25][26].
The evidence from open label and single-blinded RCTs was immediately encouraging. In fact, even in the presence of different prescriptive schemes (i.e., 0.266–0.532 mg of oral calcifediol three times for the first week of the disease and then weekly, 0.5 mcg of calcitriol per day for two weeks, 1000–2000 IU of cholecalciferol for 7–14 days, 5000 IU of cholecalciferol per day for two weeks, 10,000 IU of cholecalciferol per day for two weeks, 50,000 IU of cholecalciferol on the first and eighth day of hospitalization or 400,000 IU of oral cholecalciferol within 72 h after COVID-19 diagnosis), a vitamin D supplementation was associated with a reduction in inflammatory markers (IL-6), an improvement in the lung functions (arterial oxygen saturation/inspired fraction of oxygen ratio) and a reduction in hospitalization, access to ICUs and the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. However, in a large open-label RCT regarding 6200 adults in the UK (CORONAVIT Study), 800 IU per day or 3200 IU per day of cholecalciferol for six months were not able to reduce the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 in healthy volunteers, in comparison to a control group [35].
Furthermore, also placebo-controlled RCTs have been designed and conducted, providing conflicting data (the results are resumed in Table 1).
Table 1. Randomized double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trials regarding the biological and clinical effects of vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 prevention and treatment.
Trials Study Population Patients’ Cohorts’ Characteristics Recruitment Period Time of Follow-Up Supplementation Regimen Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation
Treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) is associated with a reduction in the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio marker of disease severity in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a pilot multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial (Maghbooli Z et al., 2021, Ref. [36]) 106 COVID-19 adult hospitalized patients with 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations < 30 ng/mL 53 patients on vitamin D3 group
53 patients on placebo group		 May 2020–October 2020 2 months 25 mcg of 25(OH)D3 daily (equivalent to 3000–6000 IU of
cholecalciferol) in addition to standard care		 Increase in neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio
Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study) (Rastogi A et al. 2022, Ref. [37]) 40 COVID-19 hospitalized patients with mild symptoms or asymptomatic 16 patients with 25(OH)D serum concentrations < 20 ng/mL received vitamin D3 treatment
24 patients received placebo		 2020 21 days 60,000 IU daily of cholecalciferol (oral nano-liquid droplets) for a week in addition to standard care. If 25(OH)D serum concentrations were < 50 ng/mL in the treatment group, supplementation was continued for another week Faster healing
Decrease in serum fibrinogen
Positive effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (De Niet S et al., 2022, Ref. [38]) 50 COVID-19 hospitalized patients with 25(OH)D3 serum concentrations < 20 ng/mL 26 patients received vitamin D3 supplementation
24 patients received placebo		 August 2020–August 2021 9 weeks 25,000 IU daily of cholecalciferol over four consecutive days followed by 25,000 IU weekly of cholecalciferol in addition to best available treatment Decrease in length of hospital stay
Decrease in duration of supplemental oxygen request
Improve of clinical recovery, assessed by WHO scale
Efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation to prevent COVID-19 in frontline healthcare workers. A randomized clinical trial. (Villasis-Keever. et al., 2022, Ref. [39]) 321 SARS-CoV-2 free healthcare workers not receiving vitamin D supplementation 160 healthcare workers received vitamin D supplementation
161 healthcare workers received placebo		 15 July 2020–30 December 2020 30 days 4000 IU daily of cholecalciferol capsules Lower infection rate without serious adverse events
Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial (Murai IH et al., 2021, Ref. [40]) 240 COVID-19 adult hospitalized patients 120 patients received vitamin D supplementation
120 patients received placebo		 2 June 2020–7 October 2020 Hospitalization period 200,000 IU of cholecalciferol in a single oral dose No effects on in-hospital mortality, admission to intensive care unit or need for mechanical ventilation
High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19 patients; multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial (Mariani J et al. 2022, Ref. [41]) 218 COVID-19 adult hospitalized patients 115 patients received vitamin D3 supplementation
103 patients received placebo		 14 August 2020–22 June 2021 Hospitalization period 500,000 IU of oral cholecalciferol (5 capsules of 100,000 IU) in a single oral dose No change in the respiratory Sepsis related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score between baseline and the highest value recorded up to day 7
No difference for length of hospital stays, intensive care unit admissions and in-hospital mortality
Prevention of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory infections with cod liver oil supplementation, a low dose vitamin D supplement: quadruple blinded, randomised placebo controlled trial (Brunvoll SH et al., 2017, Ref. [42]) 34,601 adults not receiving vitamin D supplementation 17,278 adults received cod liver oil
17,323 adults received placebo		 10 November 2020–2 June 2021 6 months 400 IU daily of cholecalciferol No decrease in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and serious COVID-19 (self-reported dyspnoea, admission to hospital, death)
On the one hand, there were studies in favor of a vitamin D supplementation. Oral calcifediol, equivalent to 3000 to 6000 IU of cholecalciferol per day for two months, significantly decreased the peripheral neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in COVID-19 patients, a functional parameter associated with a reduction in the access to ICUs and mortality [36]. Similarly, oral cholecalciferol (60,000 IU daily for a week) significantly accelerated the healing, decreasing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in infected patients [37]. Moreover, 25,000 IU of cholecalciferol for four consecutive days, followed by 25,000 IU weekly for up to six weeks significantly improved the clinical conditions of COVID-19 patients reducing the request of an oxygen supplementation and the length of their hospital stay [38]. At last, a supplementation of 4000 IU daily of cholecalciferol for 30 days significantly decreased the risk of suffering from a SARS-CoV-2 infection [39].
However, other placebo-controlled RCTs questioned the usefulness of a vitamin D supplementation. For example, a single high dose of 200,000 IU of cholecalciferol proved ineffective to reduce the rate of ICUs access or the global mortality of COVID-19 hospitalized patients [40]. A similar conclusion was obtained with a single supplementation of 500,000 IU of oral cholecalciferol [41]. Although these results were predictable, due to the negative effects of FGF-23 and 24-hydroxylase, activated by single high doses of vitamin D, another more recent study was disappointing [42]. A total of 17,278 adults were supplemented with 5 mL/day of cod liver oil (containing approximately 400 IU of cholecalciferol) for up to six months in Norway: no difference was found in COVID-19 incidence and disease course in comparison with a placebo group (17,323 adults) [42].
Taken together those studies suggest that a vitamin D supplementation is efficient in COVID-19 when administered for a medium or long term, whereas high and/or single doses were found not to be effective.

4. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in COVID-19 Vaccinations

The development of anti-COVID-19 vaccines has turned the fight against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in a positive way [43]. It has been hypothesized that vitamin D may positively influence the efficacy of vaccines, considering that low vitamin D serum concentrations were associated with an insufficient humoral response after a COVID-19 vaccinations in patients suffering from solid tumors [44][45]. However, a sub analysis of the recent aforementioned open-label CORONAVIT study found no efficacy from a supplementation of 800 or 3200 IU of cholecalciferol daily for 6 months in improving the immunogenicity of anti-COVID-19 vaccines ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 [46].

References

  1. Martineau, A.R.; Jolliffe, D.A.; Hooper, R.L.; Greenberg, L.; Aloia, J.F.; Bergman, P.; Dubnov-Raz, G.; Esposito, S.; Ganmaa, D.; Ginde, A.A.; et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMJ 2017, 356, i6583.
  2. Chiodini, I.; Gatti, D.; Soranna, D.; Merlotti, D.; Mingiano, C.; Fassio, A.; Adami, G.; Falchetti, A.; Eller-Vainicher, C.; Rossini, M.; et al. Vitamin D Status and SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 736665.
  3. Lugg, S.T.; Mackay, W.R.; Faniyi, A.A.; Faustini, S.E.; Webster, C.; Duffy, J.E.; Hewison, M.; Shields, A.M.; Parekh, D.; Richter, A.G.; et al. Vitamin D status: A U-shaped relationship for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in UK healthcare workers. BMJ Open Respir. Res. 2022, 9, e001258.
  4. Cutolo, M.; Paolino, S.; Smith, V. Evidences for a protective role of vitamin D in COVID-19. RMD Open 2020, 6, e001454.
  5. Jones, G.; Prosser, D.E.; Kaufmann, M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): Its important role in the degradation of vitamin D. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2011, 523, 9–18.
  6. Griffin, G.; Hewison, M.; Hopkin, J.; Kenny, R.A.; Quinton, R.; Rhodes, J.; Subramanian, S.; Thickett, D. Perspective: Vitamin D supplementation prevents rickets and acute respiratory infections when given as daily maintenance but not as intermittent bolus: Implications for COVID-19. Clin. Med. 2021, 21, e144–e149.
  7. Takase, T.; Tsugawa, N.; Sugiyama, T.; Ikesue, H.; Eto, M.; Hashida, T.; Tomii, K.; Muroi, N. Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 2022, 49, 256–263.
  8. Nguyen, N.N.; Raju, M.N.P.; da Graca, B.; Wang, D.; Mohamed, N.A.; Mutnal, M.B.; Rao, A.; Bennett, M.; Gokingco, M.; Pham, H.; et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D is a predictor of COVID-19 severity of hospitalized patients. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0268038.
  9. Sulli, A.; Gotelli, E.; Casabella, A.; Paolino, S.; Pizzorni, C.; Alessandri, E.; Grosso, M.; Ferone, D.; Smith, V.; Cutolo, M. Vitamin D and Lung Outcomes in Elderly COVID-19 Patients. Nutrients 2021, 13, 717.
  10. Ramirez-Sandoval, J.C.; Castillos-Ávalos, V.J.; Paz-Cortés, A.; Santillan-Ceron, A.; Hernandez-Jimenez, S.; Mehta, R.; Correa-Rotter, R. Very Low Vitamin D Levels are a Strong Independent Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19. Arch. Med. Res. 2021, 53, 215–222.
  11. Campi, I.; Gennari, L.; Merlotti, D.; Mingiano, C.; Frosali, A.; Giovanelli, L.; Torlasco, C.; Pengo, M.F.; Heilbron, F.; Soranna, D.; et al. Vitamin D and COVID-19 severity and related mortality: A prospective study in Italy. BMC Infect. Dis. 2021, 21, 566.
  12. Szerszeń, M.D.; Kucharczyk, A.; Bojarska-Senderowicz, K.; Pohorecka, M.; Śliwczyński, A.; Engel, J.; Korcz, T.; Kosior, D.; Walecka, I.; Zgliczyński, W.S.; et al. Effect of Vitamin D Concentration on Course of COVID-19. Med. Sci. Monit. 2022, 28, e937741.
  13. Robeck, R.S.; Moore, A.; Gendron, B. The Relationship of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D at Admission and Severity of Illness in COVID-19 Patients. Med. J. Ft. Sam. Houst Tex. 2022, Per 22-07/08/09, 54–60.
  14. Neves, F.F.; Pott-Junior, H.; Santos, S.D.S.; Cominetti, M.R.; Freire, C.C.D.M.; da Cunha, A.F.; Júnior, A.A.J. Vitamin D deficiency predicts 30-day hospital mortality of adults with COVID-19. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 2022, 50, 322–325.
  15. Gholi, Z.; Yadegarynia, D.; Eini-Zinab, H.; Shariatpanahi, Z.V. Vitamin D deficiency is Associated with Increased Risk of Delirium and Mortality among Critically Ill, Elderly Covid-19 Patients. Complement. Ther. Med. 2022, 70, 102855.
  16. Crafa, A.; Cannarella, R.; Condorelli, R.A.; Mongioì, L.M.; Barbagallo, F.; Aversa, A.; La Vignera, S.; Calogero, A.E. Corrigendum to: Influence of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol levels on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eclinicalmedicine 2021, 41, 101168.
  17. Kazemi, E.; Mansursamaei, A.; Rohani-Rasaf, M.; Sheibani, H. Comparison of the cardiovascular system, clinical condition, and laboratory results in COVID-19 patients with and without vitamin D insufficiency. BMC Infect. Dis. 2022, 22, 441.
  18. Hu, Y.; Kung, J.; Cave, A.; Banh, H.L. Effects of Vitamin D Serum Level on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2022, 25, 84–92.
  19. Akbar, M.R.; Wibowo, A.; Pranata, R.; Setiabudiawan, B. Low Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Vitamin D) Level Is Associated with Susceptibility to COVID-19, Severity, and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Nutr. 2021, 8, 660420.
  20. Al Kiyumi, M.; Kalra, S.; Davies, J.; Kalhan, A. The impact of vitamin d deficiency on the severity of symptoms and mortality rate among adult patients with Covid-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021, 25, 261.
  21. Wang, Z.; Joshi, A.; Leopold, K.; Jackson, S.; Christensen, S.; Nayfeh, T.; Mohammed, K.; Creo, A.; Tebben, P.; Kumar, S. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Endocrinol. 2021, 96, 281–287.
  22. Dissanayake, H.A.; de Silva, N.L.; Sumanatilleke, M.; de Silva, S.D.N.; Gamage, K.K.K.; Dematapitiya, C.; Kuruppu, D.C.; Ranasinghe, P.; Pathmanathan, S.; Katulanda, P. Prognostic and Therapeutic Role of Vitamin D in COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021, 107, 1484–1502.
  23. Peng, D.; Huang, H.; Liu, Z.; Gao, Y.; Liu, Y. Vitamin D levels and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2 in children: A longitudinal cohort study. Front. Nutr. 2022, 9, 960859.
  24. D’Ecclesiis, O.; Gavioli, C.; Martinoli, C.; Raimondi, S.; Chiocca, S.; Miccolo, C.; Bossi, P.; Cortinovis, D.; Chiaradonna, F.; Palorini, R.; et al. Vitamin D and SARS-CoV2 infection, severity and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0268396.
  25. Antonelli, M.; Kushner, I. Low Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Accompany Severe COVID-19 Because it is a Negative Acute Phase Reactant. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2021, 362, 333–335.
  26. Smaha, J.; Kužma, M.; Jackuliak, P.; Nachtmann, S.; Max, F.; Tibenská, E.; Binkley, N.; Payer, J. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Significantly Decreases in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia during the First 48 Hours after Hospital Admission. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2362.
  27. Entrenas Castillo, M.E.; Entrenas Costa, L.M.E.; Vaquero Barrios, J.M.V.; Alcalá Díaz, J.F.A.; López Miranda, J.L.; Bouillon, R.; Quesada Gomez, J.M.Q. Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2020, 203, 105751.
  28. Elamir, Y.M.; Amir, H.; Lim, S.; Rana, Y.P.; Lopez, C.G.; Feliciano, N.V.; Omar, A.; Grist, W.P.; Via, M.A. A randomized pilot study using calcitriol in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Bone 2021, 154, 116175.
  29. Zurita-Cruz, J.; Fonseca-Tenorio, J.; Villasís-Keever, M.; López-Alarcón, M.; Parra-Ortega, I.; López-Martínez, B.; Miranda-Novales, G. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D supplementation in hospitalized COVID-19 pediatric patients: A randomized controlled trial. Front. Pediatr. 2022, 10, 943529.
  30. Cervero, M.; López-Wolf, D.; Casado, G.; Novella-Mena, M.; Ryan-Murua, P.; Taboada-Martínez, M.L.; Rodríguez-Mora, S.; Vigón, L.; Coiras, M.; Torres, M. Beneficial Effect of Short-Term Supplementation of High Dose of Vitamin D3 in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Multicenter, Single-Blinded, Prospective Randomized Pilot Clinical Trial. Front. Pharmacol. 2022, 13, 863587.
  31. Sánchez-Zuno, G.; González-Estevez, G.; Matuz-Flores, M.; Macedo-Ojeda, G.; Hernández-Bello, J.; Mora-Mora, J.; Pérez-Guerrero, E.; García-Chagollán, M.; Vega-Magaña, N.; Turrubiates-Hernández, F.; et al. Vitamin D Levels in COVID-19 Outpatients from Western Mexico: Clinical Correlation and Effect of Its Supplementation. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2378.
  32. Sabico, S.; Enani, M.A.; Sheshah, E.; Aljohani, N.J.; Aldisi, D.A.; Alotaibi, N.H.; Alshingetti, N.; Alomar, S.Y.; Alnaami, A.M.; Amer, O.E.; et al. Effects of a 2-Week 5000 IU versus 1000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Recovery of Symptoms in Patients with Mild to Moderate Covid-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2170.
  33. Karonova, T.L.; Golovatyuk, K.A.; Kudryavtsev, I.V.; Chernikova, A.T.; Mikhaylova, A.A.; Aquino, A.D.; Lagutina, D.I.; Zaikova, E.K.; Kalinina, O.V.; Golovkin, A.S.; et al. Effect of Cholecalciferol Supplementation on the Clinical Features and Inflammatory Markers in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Center Study. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2602.
  34. Annweiler, C.; Beaudenon, M.; Gautier, J.; Gonsard, J.; Boucher, S.; Chapelet, G.; Darsonval, A.; Fougère, B.; Guérin, O.; Houvet, M.; et al. COVIT-TRIAL study group. High-dose versus standard-dose vitamin D supplementation in older adults with COVID-19 (COVIT-TRIAL): A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled superiority trial. PLOS Med. 2022, 19, e1003999.
  35. Jolliffe, D.A.; Holt, H.; Greenig, M.; Talaei, M.; Perdek, N.; Pfeffer, P.; Vivaldi, G.; Maltby, S.; Symons, J.; Barlow, N.L.; et al. Effect of a test-and-treat approach to vitamin D supplementation on risk of all cause acute respiratory tract infection and covid-19: Phase 3 randomised controlled trial (CORONAVIT). BMJ 2022, 378, e071230.
  36. Maghbooli, Z.; Sahraian, M.A.; Jamalimoghadamsiahkali, S.; Asadi, A.; Zarei, A.; Zendehdel, A.; Varzandi, T.; Mohammadnabi, S.; Alijani, N.; Karimi, M.; et al. Treatment with 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcifediol) is Associated with a Reduction in the Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Marker of Disease Severity in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Pilot Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. Endocr. Pract. 2021, 27, 1242–1251.
  37. Rastogi, A.; Bhansali, A.; Khare, N.; Suri, V.; Yaddanapudi, N.; Sachdeva, N.; Puri, G.D.; Malhotra, P. Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: A randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study). Postgrad. Med. J. 2020, 98, 87–90.
  38. De Niet, S.; Trémège, M.; Coffiner, M.; Rousseau, A.-F.; Calmes, D.; Frix, A.-N.; Gester, F.; Delvaux, M.; Dive, A.-F.; Guglielmi, E.; et al. Positive Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3048.
  39. A Villasis-Keever, M.; López-Alarcón, M.G.; Miranda-Novales, G.; Zurita-Cruz, J.N.; Barrada-Vázquez, A.S.; González-Ibarra, J.; Martínez-Reyes, M.; Grajales-Muñiz, C.; E Santacruz-Tinoco, C.; Martínez-Miguel, B.; et al. Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 in Frontline Healthcare Workers. A Randomized Clinical Trial. Arch. Med. Res. 2022, 53, 423–430.
  40. Murai, I.H.; Fernandes, A.L.; Sales, L.P.; Pinto, A.J.; Goessler, K.F.; Duran, C.S.C.; Silva, C.B.R.; Franco, A.S.; Macedo, M.B.; Dalmolin, H.H.H.; et al. Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19. JAMA 2021, 325, 1053–1060.
  41. Mariani, J.; Antonietti, L.; Tajer, C.; Ferder, L.; Inserra, F.; Cunto, M.S.; Brosio, D.; Ross, F.; Zylberman, M.; López, D.E.; et al. High-dose vitamin D versus placebo to prevent complications in COVID-19 patients: Multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0267918.
  42. Brunvoll, S.H.; Nygaard, A.B.; Ellingjord-Dale, M.; Holland, P.; Istre, M.S.; Kalleberg, K.T.; Søraas, C.L.; Holven, K.B.; Ulven, S.M.; Hjartåker, A.; et al. Prevention of covid-19 and other acute respiratory infections with cod liver oil supplementation, a low dose vitamin D supplement: Quadruple blinded, randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2022, 378, e071245.
  43. Sharif, N.; Alzahrani, K.J.; Ahmed, S.N.; Dey, S.K. Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 714170.
  44. Chiu, S.-K.; Tsai, K.-W.; Wu, C.-C.; Zheng, C.-M.; Yang, C.-H.; Hu, W.-C.; Hou, Y.-C.; Lu, K.-C.; Chao, Y.-C. Putative Role of Vitamin D for COVID-19 Vaccination. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8988.
  45. Ma, Y.; Zhu, P.; Zhong, G.; Wang, D.; Cao, L.; Bai, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, A.; Wang, X. Serial negative response after standard and third (Booster) dose of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine is associated with low vitamin D levels in patients with solid cancers. Front. Med. 2022, 9, 898606.
  46. Jolliffe, D.A.; Vivaldi, G.; Chambers, E.S.; Cai, W.; Li, W.; Faustini, S.E.; Gibbons, J.M.; Pade, C.; Coussens, A.K.; Richter, A.G.; et al. Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Influence SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy or Immunogenicity: Sub-Studies Nested within the CORONAVIT Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3821.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Infectious Diseases
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Emanuele Gotelli
,
Stefano Soldano
,
Elvis Hysa
,
Sabrina Paolino
,
Rosanna Campitiello
,
Carmen Pizzorni
,
Alberto Sulli
,
Vanessa Smith
,
Maurizio Cutolo
View Times: 347
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 23 Nov 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback