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References

1. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, 3.
2. Howard, "Genre and Myth," pp. 137–139.
3. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 283–84.
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5. Fleischer, Bureaucrat and Intellectual, 103.
6. Douglas Howard, "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of 'Decline' of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century," Journal of Asian History 22 (1988), pp. 52–77.
7. Abou-El-Haj, Formation of the Modern State, pp. 20–40.
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10. Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte des Osmanisches Reiches, (in German) 10 vols. (Budapest: Ca. H. Hartleben, 1827–35).
11. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 3–4.
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13. Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010. pp. 104–12, 130–3. 
14. Howard, "Ottoman Advice for Kings," pp. 143–44; Edward Said, Orientalism, (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
15. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, 2.
16. Bernard Lewis, "Some Reflections on the Decline of the Ottoman Empire", Studia Islamica 1 (1958) 111–127.
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18. Lewis, "Some Reflections", pp. 112–127.
19. Sajdi, Dana (2007). "Decline, its Discontents, and Ottoman Cultural History: By Way of Introduction". in Sajdi, Dana. Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century. London: I.B. Taurus. pp. 4–6. 
20. Sajdi, Dana (2007). "Decline, its Discontents, and Ottoman Cultural History: By Way of Introduction". in Sajdi, Dana. Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century. London: I.B. Taurus. pp. 6. 
21. Sajdi, Dana (2007). "Decline, its Discontents, and Ottoman Cultural History: By Way of Introduction". in Sajdi, Dana. Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century. London: I.B. Taurus. pp. 5. 
22. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 4–5.
23. Hathaway, "Problems of Periodization," 26.
24. Ehud Toledano (2011). "The Arabic-speaking world in the Ottoman period: A socio-political analysis". in Woodhead, Christine. The Ottoman World. Routledge. pp. 457. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7. 
25. Douglas Howard, "Ottoman Historiography," pp. 52–77.
26. Abou-El-Haj, Formation of the Modern State, pp. 23–26.
27. Cemal Kafadar, "The Myth of the Golden Age: Ottoman Historical Consciousness in the post-Süleymanic Era," in Süleyman the Second [sic] and His Time, eds. Halil İnalcık and Cemal Kafadar (Istanbul: ISIS Press, 1993), pp. 44.
28. Rhoads Murphey, "The Veliyüddin Telhis: Notes on the Sources and Interrelations between Koçu Bey and Contemporary Writers of Advice to Kings," Belleten 43 (1979), pp. 547–571.
29. Pál Fodor, "State and Society, Crisis and Reform, in a 15th–17th Century Ottoman Mirror for Princes," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 40 (1986), pp. 217–240.
30. Metin Kunt, "Introduction to Part I," 37–38.
31. Börekçi, "Factions and Favorites."
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33. Marc Baer, Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008)
34. Kafadar, "The Myth of the Golden Age", 37–48.
35. Kaya Şahin, Empire and Power in the Reign of Süleyman: Narrating the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman World, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)
36. Hakan T. Karateke, "On the Tranquility and Repose of the Sultan," in Christine Woodhead eds. The Ottoman World, (Routledge, 2011), 116. Leslie Peirce, The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, (Oxford University Press: 1993), 185.
37. Peirce, The Imperial Harem, pp. 267–285.
38. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 200–306.
39. Hathaway, The Arab Lands, 9
40. Donald Quataert, "Ottoman History Writing", 5.
41. Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Politics & Society 21 (4): 393–423. doi:10.1177/0032329293021004003.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329293021004003
42. Cemal Kafadar, "On the Purity and Corruption of the Janissaries," Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 15 (1991): 273–280.
43. Günhan Börekçi, "A Contribution to the Military Revolution Debate: The Janissaries' Use of Volley Fire During the Long Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1593–1606 and the Problem of Origins." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59 (2006): 407–438.
44. Tezcan, Second Ottoman Empire, pp. 22–23.
45. Metin Kunt, The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983) 98.
46. Ariel Salzmann, "The Old Regime and the Ottoman Middle East," in Christine Woodhead eds. The Ottoman World, (Routledge, 2011), 412.
47. Halil İnalcık, "Military and Fiscal Transformation in the Ottoman Empire, 1600–1700," Archivum Ottomanicum 6 (1980): 283–337.
48. Gábor Ágoston, "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800". Journal of World History.' 25 (2014): 123.
49. Jonathan Grant, "Rethinking the Ottoman "Decline": Military Technology Diffusion in the Ottoman Empire, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries." Journal of World History 10 (1999): 179–201.
50. Gábor Ágoston, "Ottoman Artillery and European Military Technology in the Fifteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 47/1–2 (1994): 15–48.
51. Gábor Ágoston, Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) pp. 195–98.
52. Ágoston, "Military Transformation," pp. 286–87.
53. Ágoston, Guns for the Sultan, pp. 192–195.
54. Ágoston, Guns for the Sultan, pp. 199–200.
55. Ágoston, Guns for the Sultan, pp. 200–201.
56. Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman Warfare: 1500–1700, (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1999), 10.
57. Aksan, Virginia (2007). Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged. Pearson Education Ltd.. pp. 130–5. ISBN 978-0-582-30807-7.  Woodhead, Christine (2008). "New Views on Ottoman History, 1453–1839". The English Historical Review (Oxford University Press) 123: 983. "the Ottomans were able largely to maintain military parity until taken by surprise both on land and at sea in the Russian war from 1768 to 1774.". 
58. Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass 1: 2. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1478-0542.038
59. Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010. pp. 155–9, 169–70. 
60. "Oriental despotism" was a term deployed in Marxist historical analyses. It was postulated on a vision of Middle Eastern state and society as one in which all power was concentrated in the hands of an absolute ruler, who by controlling all of the land in the empire, prevented the independent emergence of a native bourgeoisie, and thus made capitalism impossible. This concept, or others like it, long served as a foundational principle in the study of the economic history of the Ottoman Empire and of Asian societies more generally, though it was, as noted by Zachary Lockman, "in reality based on crude generalizations and a very faulty understanding of their [Asian societies'] (quite diverse) histories and social structures.[69]
61. Sajdi, Dana (2007). "Decline, its Discontents, and Ottoman Cultural History: By Way of Introduction". in Sajdi, Dana. Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century. London: I.B. Taurus. pp. 12–4. 
62. Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass 1: 5–6. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1478-0542.038
63. Sajdi, Dana (2007). "Decline, its Discontents, and Ottoman Cultural History: By Way of Introduction". in Sajdi, Dana. Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century. London: I.B. Taurus. pp. 15. 
64. Quataert, Donald (2003). "Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes towards the Notion of 'Decline'". History Compass 1: 5. doi:10.1111/1478-0542.038.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1478-0542.038
65. Pamuk, Şevket (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xx. 
66. Salzmann, Ariel (1993). "An Ancien Régime Revisited: "Privatization" and Political Economy in the Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire". Politics & Society 21 (4): 402. doi:10.1177/0032329293021004003.  "Crisis and Recovery: The Ottoman Monetary System in the Early Modern Era, 1550-1789". Global Connections and Monetary History, 1470-1800. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2003. p. 140. "the eighteenth century until the 1780s was a period of commercial and economic expansion coupled with fiscal stability."  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329293021004003
67. Douglas Northrop, ed (2014). "Objects in Motion". A Companion to World History. Wiley Blackwell. p. 331. 
68. "Precious-metal Flows into India in the Early Modern Period". Global Connections and Monetary History, 1470-1800. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2003. p. 154. 
69. Faroqhi, "Crisis and Change," 507; Jane Hathaway, "The Ottomans and the Yemeni Coffee Trade," Oriente Moderno 25 (2006): 161–171.
70. Lewis, "Some Reflections," 113.
71. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 299–306.
72. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 81–118.
73. Michael Ursinus, "The Transformation of the Ottoman Fiscal Regime, c. 1600–1850," in Christine Woodhead eds. The Ottoman World, (Routledge, 2011) 423–434.
74. Tezcan, Second Ottoman Empire, pp. 19–23.
75. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 246–80.
76. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, 239.
77. Faroqhi, Crisis and Change, 553.
78. Carter Vaughn Findley, "Political culture and the great households", in Suraiya Faroqhi eds., The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603–1839, volume 3 of The Cambridge History of Turkey. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 66.
79. Hathaway, Arab Lands, 59.
80. Faroqhi, "Crisis and Change," 411–414.
81. Geoffrey Parker, Global Crisis: War, Climate Change & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013)
82. Darling, Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, pp. 8–10.
83. Ursinus, "The Transformation of the Ottoman Fiscal Regime," 423.
84. Ehud Toledano (2011). "The Arabic-speaking world in the Ottoman period: A socio-political analysis". in Woodhead, Christine. The Ottoman World. Routledge. pp. 459. ISBN 978-0-415-44492-7. 
85. Sajdi, Dana (2007). "Decline, its Discontents, and Ottoman Cultural History: By Way of Introduction". in Sajdi, Dana. Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century. London: I.B. Taurus. pp. 27.