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HandWiki. Old Quantum Theory. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35753 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Old Quantum Theory. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35753. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Old Quantum Theory" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35753 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 22). Old Quantum Theory. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35753
HandWiki. "Old Quantum Theory." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2022.
Old Quantum Theory
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Physics:Old_quantum_theory

The old quantum theory is a collection of results from the years 1900–1925 which predate modern quantum mechanics. The theory was never complete or self-consistent, but was rather a set of heuristic corrections to classical mechanics. The theory is now understood as the semi-classical approximation to modern quantum mechanics. The main and final accomplishments of the old quantum theory were the determination of the modern form of the periodic table by Edmund Stoner and the Pauli Exclusion Principle which were both premised on the Arnold Sommerfeld enhancements to the Bohr model of the atom. The main tool of the old quantum theory was the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition, a procedure for selecting out certain states of a classical system as allowed states: the system can then only exist in one of the allowed states and not in any other state.

model periodic table quantum theory

References

  1. Thomas Kuhn, Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978)
  2. Haas, Arthur Erich (1884-1941) Über die elektrodynamische Bedeutung des Planck'schen Strahlungsgesetzes und über eine neue Bestimmung des elektrischen Elementarquantums und der Dimension des Wasserstoffatoms. Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. 2a, 119 pp 119-144 (1910). Haas A.E. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Satzes von der Erhaltung der Kraft. Habilitation Thesis, Vienna, 1909. Hermann, A. Arthur Erich Haas, Der erste Quantenansatz für das Atom. Stuttgart, 1965 [contains a reprint].
  3. J. W. Nicholson, Month. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc. lxxii. pp. 49,130, 677, 693, 729 (1912).
  4. The Atomic Theory of John William Nicholson, Russell McCormmach, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2 (25.8.1966), pp. 160-184 (25 pages), Springer.
  5. On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Niels Bohr, Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, Volume 26 July 1913, p. 1-25
  6. Sommerfeld, Arnold (1919). Atombau und Spektrallinien'. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. ISBN 978-3-87144-484-5. 
  7. The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 6, A. Engel, trans., Princeton U. Press, Princeton, NJ (1997), p. 434
  8. Stone, A.D. (August 2005). "Einstein's unknown insight and the problem of quantizing chaos". Physics Today 58 (8): 37–43. doi:10.1063/1.2062917. Bibcode: 2005PhT....58h..37S. https://www.eng.yale.edu/stonegroup/publications/phys_today.pdf. 
  9. Pauling, Linus; Wilson, Edgar Bright (2012). Introduction to quantum mechanics : with applications to chemistry. New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486134932. OCLC 830473042.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/830473042
  10. Wilson, William (1915). "LXXXIII. The quantum-theory of radiation and line spectra". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 29, 174 (174): 795–802. doi:10.1080/14786440608635362. https://zenodo.org/record/1430790. 
  11. Sommerfeld, Arnold (1916). "Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien" (in en). Annalen der Physik 356 (17): 1–94. doi:10.1002/andp.19163561702. ISSN 0003-3804. Bibcode: 1916AnP...356....1S. https://zenodo.org/record/1424309. 
  12. The Kossel-Sommerfeld Theory and the Ring Atom, John L. Heilbron, Isis, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter, 1967), pp. 450-485 (36 pages), The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society
  13. https://archive.org/details/atombauundspekt00sommgoog/page/n541 - Atombau und Spektrallinien, 1921, page 520
  14. Ya I Granovski (2004). "Sommerfeld formula and Dirac's theory". Physics-Uspekhi 47 (5): 523–524. doi:10.1070/PU2004v047n05ABEH001885. Bibcode: 2004PhyU...47..523G. http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1063-7869/47/5/L06/PHU_47_5_L06.pdf. 
  15. Einstein, Albert (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (in de). Annalen der Physik 17 (6): 132–148. doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607. Bibcode: 1905AnP...322..132E. http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1905_17_132-148.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-18. 
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  17. "Gilbert N. Lewis" (in en). https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/gilbert-n-lewis. 
  18. Kragh, Helge (2014). "Photon: New light on an old name". arXiv:1401.0293 [physics.hist-ph]. //arxiv.org/archive/physics.hist-ph
  19. Chaddha, G.S. (2006). Quantum Mechanics. New Delhi: New Age international. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-81-224-1465-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bzj2JcPeAHAC&pg=PA9. 
  20. E.A. Solov’ev, E. A. (2011). "Classical approach in atomic physics". European Physical Journal D 65 (3): 331–351. doi:10.1140/epjd/e2011-20261-6. Bibcode: 2011EPJD...65..331S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2011-20261-6
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