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HandWiki. Ifrit. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35689 (accessed on 26 September 2026).
HandWiki. Ifrit. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35689. Accessed September 26, 2026.
HandWiki. "Ifrit" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35689 (accessed September 26, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 22). Ifrit. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35689
HandWiki. "Ifrit." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2022.
Ifrit
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:Ifrit

Ifrit, also spelled as efreet and afrit (Arabic: ʻIfrīt: عفريت, pl ʻAfārīt: عفاريت), is a powerful type of demon in Islamic mythology. The afarit are often associated with the underworld and also identified with the spirits of the dead, and have been compared to evil geniī loci in European culture. In Quran, hadith and Mi'raj narrations the term is always followed by the phrase among the jinn. In later folklore, they developed into independent entities, identified as powerful demons or spirits of the dead who sometimes inhabit desolate places such as ruins and temples. Their true habitat is the underworld.

spirits of the dead efreet ʻifrīt

References

  1. Edward Westermarck Ritual and Belief in Morocco: Vol. I (Routledge Revivals) Routledge, 23 Apr 2014 ISBN:9781317912682 p. 387
  2. McAuliffe, Jane Dammen. Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. 3. Georgetown University, Washington DC. pp. 486–487. 
  3. Chelhod, J., “ʿIfrīt”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 06 October 2019 First published online: 2012 First print edition: ISBN:9789004161214, 1960-2007
  4. Chelhod, J., “ʿIfrīt”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 26 September 2019 doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3502 First published online: 2012 First print edition: ISBN:9789004161214, 1960-2007 https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3502
  5. "الباحث العربي: قاموس عربي عربي". http://www.baheth.info/all.jsp?term=%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA. 
  6. de Lafayette, Maximillien (2017). Early & contemporary spirit artists, psychic artists, and medium painters from 5000 BC to the present day economy. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-365-97802-9. 
  7. Szombathy, Zoltan, “ʿIfrīt”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 06 October 2019 First published online: 2018 First print edition: ISBN:9789004356641, 2018, 2018-3
  8. Vincent Crapanzano The Ḥamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry University of California Press 1973 ISBN:9780520022416 p. 136
  9. Lebling, Robert (2010-07-30). Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and Genies from Arabia to Zanzibar. I.B.Tauris. pp. 141, 151–153. ISBN 978-0-857-73063-3. 
  10. In Shibli's (d. 1367) retelling, he calls the ifrit a shaitan, underlining the ambiguous nature of the afarit.[11]
  11. Brooke Olson Vuckovic Heavenly Journeys, Earthly Concerns: The Legacy of the Mi'raj in the Formation of Islam Routledge, 2004 ISBN:9781135885243 p. 35-36
  12. Sebastian Günther, Dorothee Pielow Die Geheimnisse der oberen und der unteren Welt: Magie im Islam zwischen Glaube und Wissenschaft BRILL, 18 October 2018 ISBN:9789004387577 p. 597
  13. Stephan Conermann History and Society During the Mamluk Period (1250-1517) V&R unipress GmbH, 2014 ISBN:9783847102281 p. 25
  14. This is contrary to the jinn in Quranic traditions, who are created out of clear fire,[3] but in line with a common tradition depicting the demons (shayāṭīn), as created out of smoke.[15]
  15. Hans Alexander Winkler Ghost Riders of Upper Egypt: A Study of Spirit Possession American Univ in Cairo Press, 2009 ISBN 9789774162503 p. 29
  16. Although the identification of afarit with ghosts is usually associated with Muslims in Egypt, it is also attested by Muslims in India, Syria and among Javanese Muslims in Cirebon.[17][18][19]
  17. el-Sayed El-Aswad Religion and Folk Cosmology: Scenarios of the Visible and Invisible in Rural Egypt Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 ISBN:9780897899246 p. 103-104
  18. "Aeromancy". The Element Encyclopedia of the Psychic World. Harper Element. 2006. pp. 10. 
  19. Lebling, Robert (2010). Legends of the Fire Spirits: Jinn and genies from Arabia to Zanzibar. I.B. Tauris. pp. 151–153. ISBN 978-0-85773-063-3. 
  20. el-Sayed El-Aswad Religion and Folk Cosmology: Scenarios of the Visible and Invisible in Rural Egypt Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 ISBN:9780897899246 p. 153
  21. Vincent Crapanzano The Ḥamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry University of California Press 1973 ISBN:9780520022416 p. 137
  22. Edward Westermarck Ritual and Belief in Morocco: Vol. I (Routledge Revivals) Routledge, 23 Apr 2014 ISBN:9781317912682 p. 263-264
  23. Matti Moosa Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects Matti Moosa 1987 ISBN:978-0-815-62411-0 page 69
  24. Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn Amira El-Zein 2009 ISBN:978-0-815-65070-6 page 20
  25. Anne E. Duggan Ph.D., Donald Haase Ph.D., Helen J. Callow Folktales and Fairy Tales: Traditions and Texts from around the World, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: Traditions and Texts from around the World ABC-CLIO, 12.02.2016 volume 2 ISBN:9781610692540 p. 402
  26. Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters Routledge, 01.04.2016 ISBN:9781317044253 p. 166-169
  27. Leon Hale (January 13, 2002). "Arabic mythology is worth revisiting". Houston Chronicle. 
  28. Ruth Ayaß, Cornelia Gerhardt The Appropriation of Media in Everyday Life John Benjamins Publishing 2012 ISBN:9789027273376 p. 205
  29. Hudson, Dale. "'Of Course There Are Werewolves and Vampires': 'True Blood' and the Right to Rights for Other Species." American Quarterly, vol. 65, no. 3, 2013, pp. 661–687., www.jstor.org/stable/43822924.
  30. Tara Prescott Neil Gaiman in the 21st Century: Essays on the Novels, Children's Stories, Online Writings, Comics and Other Works McFarland, 11.02.2015 ISBN:9780786494774 p. 25
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