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HandWiki. Drag. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35686 (accessed on 05 October 2026).
HandWiki. Drag. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35686. Accessed October 05, 2026.
HandWiki. "Drag" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35686 (accessed October 05, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 22). Drag. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35686
HandWiki. "Drag." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2022.
Drag
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Physics:Drag

In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of friction or fluid friction) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. This can exist between two fluid layers (or surfaces) or between a fluid and a solid surface. Unlike other resistive forces, such as dry friction, which are nearly independent of velocity, the drag force depends on velocity. Drag force is proportional to the velocity for low-speed flow and the squared velocity for high speed flow, where the distinction between low and high speed is measured by the Reynolds number. Even though the ultimate cause of drag is viscous friction, turbulent drag is independent of viscosity. Drag forces always tend to decrease fluid velocity relative to the solid object in the fluid's path.

low-speed flow fluid velocity drag force

References

  1. "What is Drag?". http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/drag1.html. 
  2. Eiffel, Gustave (1913). The Resistance of The Air and Aviation. London: Constable &Co Ltd. 
  3. Marchaj, C. A. (2003). Sail performance : techniques to maximise sail power (Rev. ed.). London: Adlard Coles Nautical. pp. 147 figure 127 lift vs drag polar curves. ISBN 978-0-7136-6407-2. 
  4. Drayton, Fabio Fossati; translated by Martyn (2009). Aero-hydrodynamics and the performance of sailing yachts : the science behind sailing yachts and their design. Camden, Maine: International Marine /McGraw-Hill. pp. 98 Fig 5.17 Chapter five Sailing Boat Aerodynamics. ISBN 978-0-07-162910-2. 
  5. "Calculating Viscous Flow: Velocity Profiles in Rivers and Pipes". http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152.mf1i.spring02/RiverViscosity.pdf. 
  6. "Viscous Drag Forces". http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/kinnas/319LAB/Applets/Viscous/viscous.html. 
  7. Hernandez-Gomez, J J; Marquina, V; Gomez, R W (25 July 2013). "On the performance of Usain Bolt in the 100 m sprint". Eur. J. Phys. 34 (5): 1227–1233. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/34/5/1227. Bibcode: 2013EJPh...34.1227H. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236858493. Retrieved 23 April 2016. 
  8. Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering, David Crolla, Paper "Fundamentals, Basic principles in Road vehicle Aerodynamics and Design", ISBN:978 0 470 97402 5
  9. The Design Of The Aeroplane, Darrol Stinton, ISBN:0 632 01877 1, p.204
  10. Fundamentals of Flight, Second Edition, Richard S. Shevell,ISBN:0 13 339060 8, p.185
  11. A Case Study By Aerospatiale And British Aerospace On The Concorde By Jean Rech and Clive S. Leyman,AIAA Professional Study Series, Fig. 3.6
  12. Design For Air Combat, Ray Whitford,ISBN:0 7106 0426 2, p.212
  13. Note that for Earth's atmosphere, the air density can be found using the barometric formula. It is 1.293 kg/m3 at 0 °C and 1 atmosphere.
  14. Liversage, P., and Trancossi, M. (2018). Analysis of triangular sharkskin profiles according to second law, Modelling, Measurement and Control B. 87(3), 188-196. http://www.iieta.org/sites/default/files/Journals/MMC/MMC_B/87.03_11.pdf
  15. Size effects on drag , from NASA Glenn Research Center. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/sized.html
  16. Wing geometry definitions , from NASA Glenn Research Center. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/geom.html
  17. Roshko, Anatol (1961). "Experiments on the flow past a circular cylinder at very high Reynolds number". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 10 (3): 345–356. doi:10.1017/S0022112061000950. Bibcode: 1961JFM....10..345R. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/10105/1/ROSjfm61.pdf. 
  18. Batchelor (1967), p. 341.
  19. Brian Beckman (1991), Part 6: Speed and Horsepower, http://phors.locost7.info/phors06.htm, retrieved 18 May 2016 
  20. Haldane, J.B.S., "On Being the Right Size" http://irl.cs.ucla.edu/papers/right-size.html
  21. Drag Force http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Dynamics/Forces/DragForce.html
  22. Air friction, from Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/airfri.html
  23. Collinson, Chris; Roper, Tom (1995). Particle Mechanics. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 30. ISBN 9780080928593. 
  24. tec-science (2020-05-31). "Drag coefficient (friction and pressure drag)" (in en-US). https://www.tec-science.com/mechanics/gases-and-liquids/drag-coefficient-friction-and-pressure-drag/. 
  25. Anderson, John D. Jr., Introduction to Flight
  26. Gowree, Erwin Ricky (20 May 2014). Influence of Attachment Line Flow on Form Drag (doctoral). Retrieved 22 March 2022. https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/12239/
  27. https://archive.org/details/Flight_International_Magazine_1913-02-01-pdf/page/n19/mode/2up Flight, 1913, p. 126
  28. Anderson, John David (1929). A History of Aerodynamics: And Its Impact On Flying Machines. University of Cambridge. 
  29. "University of Cambridge Engineering Department". http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/1925-1950/melvill2.html. 
  30. Sir Morien Morgan, Sir Arnold Hall (November 1977). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society Bennett Melvill Jones. 28 January 1887 -- 31 October 1975. 23. The Royal Society. pp. 252–282. 
  31. Mair, W.A. (1976). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 
  32. Batchelor (2000), pp. 337–343.
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