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HandWiki. Classical Liberalism. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35664 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. Classical Liberalism. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35664. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "Classical Liberalism" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35664 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 22). Classical Liberalism. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35664
HandWiki. "Classical Liberalism." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 November, 2022.
Classical Liberalism
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Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom. Closely related to economic liberalism, it developed in the early 19th century, building on ideas from the previous century as a response to urbanization and to the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States . Notable individuals whose ideas contributed to classical liberalism include John Locke, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Robert Malthus, and David Ricardo. It drew on the classical economic ideas espoused by Adam Smith in Book One of The Wealth of Nations and on a belief in natural law, utilitarianism, and progress. The term "classical liberalism" was applied in retrospect to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from the newer social liberalism.

political ideology rule of law civil liberties

References

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  2. Hunt, pp. 44–46.
  3. Hunt, pp. 49–51.
  4. Alan Ryan, "Liberalism", in A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, ed. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1995), p. 293.
  5. Evans, M. ed. (2001): Edinburgh Companion to Contemporary Liberalism: Evidence and Experience, London: Routledge, 55 (ISBN:1-57958-339-3).
  6. null
  7. Smith, A. (1776): Wealth of Nations, Book I, ch. 8.
  8. Hunt, pp. 46–47.
  9. Hunt, pp. 51–53.
  10. Kelly, D. (1998): A Life of One's Own: Individual Rights and the Welfare State, Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
  11. Richardson, pp. 36–38.
  12. Ryan, A. (1995): "Liberalism", In: Goodin, R. E. and Pettit, P., eds.: A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 293.
  13. James Madison, Federalist No. 10 (22 November 1787), in Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison, The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States, ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (New York, 1888), p. 56. https://books.google.com/books?id=XcllKruLvi4C&pg=PA56&vq=%22common+passion+or+interest%22
  14. Mayne, p. 124.
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  16. F. A. Hayek, 'Individualism: True and False', in Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 1–32.
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  18. De Ruggiero, p. 81.
  19. De Ruggiero, pp. 81–82.
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  21. Lieber, pp. 382–383.
  22. Vincent, pp. 28-29.
  23. Turner, Michael J. (1999). British Politics in an Age of Reform. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7190-51869. 
  24. Vincent, pp. 29–30.
  25. Gray, pp. 26–27.
  26. Gray, p. 28.
  27. Gray, p. 32.
  28. Ishiyama & Breuning, p. 596.
  29. Ishiyama & Breuning, p. 603.
  30. See the studies of Keynes by Roy Harrod, Robert Skidelsky, Donald Moggridge and Donald Markwell.
  31. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (1955), ch. 1.
  32. Steven M. Dworetz (1994). The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution.
  33. Jeremy M. Brown (1995). Explaining the Reagan Years in Central America: A World System Perspective. University Press of America. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8191-9813-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=k9N1duU9zgMC&pg=PA25. 
  34. Paul Kahan (3 January 2014). The Homestead Strike: Labor, Violence, and American Industry. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-136-17397-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ctaTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28. "Called the "Jacksonian Era," this era was characterized by greater voting rights for white men, a hands-off approach to economic issues, and a desire to spread U.S. culture and government west (an outlook called "Manifest Destiny")." 
  35. Kathleen G. Donohue (2005). Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Idea of the Consumer. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780801883910. https://books.google.com/books?id=ud7TN4Asro8C&pg=PA2. 
  36. Gustav Pollak, ed. Fifty Years of American Idealism: 1865-1915 (1915). https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsofamer00poll
  37. Eric Voegelin, Mary Algozin, and Keith Algozin, "Liberalism and Its History", Review of Politics 36, no. 4 (1974): 504–520. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1406338
  38. Arthur Schelesinger Jr., "Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans", in The Politics of Hope (Boston: Riverside Press, 1962). http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/schleslib.html
  39. Alan Wolfe,"A False Distinction", The New Republic, 2009. http://www.tnr.com/blog/alan-wolfe/false-distinction
  40. D. Conway (5 October 1998). Classical Liberalism: The Unvanquished Ideal. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-230-37119-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=lvLMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26. Richman, Sheldon (12 August 2012). "Classical Liberalism vs. Modern Liberalism". Reason. Reason Foundation. http://reason.com/archives/2012/08/12/classical-liberalism-vs-modern-liberalis. Retrieved 4 November 2016. Faria, Jr., Miguel A. (21 March 2012). "Classical Liberalism vs Modern Liberalism (Socialism) – A Primer". Hacienda Publishing. http://haciendapublishing.com/articles/classical-liberalism-vs-modern-liberalism-socialism-%E2%80%94-primer. Retrieved 4 November 2016. Alan Ryan (5 August 2012). The Making of Modern Liberalism. Princeton University Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 1-4008-4195-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=KfpnzJuy1XcC&pg=PA23. Andrew Heywood (12 March 2012). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-230-36994-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=poYdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59. 
  41. Nathan Schlueter; Nikolai Wenzel (2 November 2016). Selfish Libertarians and Socialist Conservatives?: The Foundations of the Libertarian-Conservative Debate. Stanford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-5036-0029-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=YKosDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8. "American conservatism is a form of classical liberalism." John Micklethwait; Adrian Wooldridge (2004). The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America. Penguin. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-59420-020-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=R5uJDUIDIwwC&pg=PA343. "Whichever way you look at it, American conservatism has embraced a great chunk of classical liberalism-so much of it that many observers have argued that American conservatism was an oxymoron; that it is basically classical liberalism in disguise." James R. Kirth (17 May 2016). "A History of Inherent Contradictions: The Origins and Ends of American Conservatism". in Sanford V. Levinson. American Conservatism: NOMOS LVI. Melissa S. Williams, Joel Parker. NYU Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4798-6518-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=XgrMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26. "Of course, the original conservatives had not really been conservatives either. They were merely classical liberals. It seems to be the case in American that most so-called conservatives have really been something else. This has confused not only external observers of American conservatism (be they on the European Right or on the American Left), but it has confused American conservatives as well." Robert C. Smith (9 September 2010). Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same. SUNY Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4384-3234-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZThyQEeZjdkC&pg=PA3. "Locke's classical liberalism is American conservatism, a conservatism whose core ideas went virtually unchallenged until the New Deal." Robert Lerner; Althea K. Nagai; Stanley Rothman (1996). American Elites. Yale University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-300-06534-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=hvQ8D0Rp56UC&pg=PA41. "Moreover, Americans do not use the term liberalism in the same way that Europeans do. In fact, classical European liberalism more closely resembles what we (and what Americans generally) call conservatism." 
  42. Deepak Lal (16 December 2010). Reviving the Invisible Hand: The Case for Classical Liberalism in the Twenty-first Century. Princeton University Press. p. 51. ISBN 1-4008-3744-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=qU1f2XP_NfQC&pg=PA51. "The major votaries of classical liberalism today are American conservatives. For as Hayek noted: "It is the doctrine on which the American system of government is based. "But, contemporary American conservatism is a novel brew which Micklethwait and Wooldridge rightly note is a mixture of the individualism of classical liberalism and "ubertraditionalism." It represents adherence to the bourgeois organization of society epitomized by that much-maligned word, "Victorian": with its faith in individualism, capitalism, progress, and virtue. Having been silenced by the seemingly endless march of "embedded liberalism" since the New Deal, American conservatism has, since the late 1960s, regrouped, and under Presidents Reagan and George W. Bush created a new powerful political movement. Thus, apart from the brief period of Margaret Thatcher's ascendancy in Britain, it is only in the United States that the classical liberal tradition continues to have political force." 
  43. Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution (1989).
  44. Richardson, pp. 22–23.
  45. Richardson, p. 23.
  46. Richardson, pp. 23–24.
  47. Richardson, p. 24.
  48. Mills, pp. 63, 68.
  49. Mills, p. 64.
  50. The Wealth of Nations, Strahan and Cadell, 1778. https://books.google.com/books?id=KpWg1DYxRTwC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=%22public+good%22&source=bl&ots=lgx2t0b3Xu&sig=ygsWFIUuw8JhsxYeiXgaiE5LdNc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RGFIUfzqNe-N4gTvqoDgDA&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22public%20good%22&f=false
  51. Mills, p. 65.
  52. Mills, p. 66.
  53. Mills, p. 67.
  54. Mills, p. 68.
  55. Mills, p. 69.
  56. Mills, p. 76.
  57. Mills, p. 70.
  58. Mills, p. 71.
  59. Mills, pp. 71–72.
  60. Mills, p. 72.
  61. Mills, pp. 73–74.
  62. Mills, pp. 74–75.
  63. Mills, p. 75.
  64. Richardson, p. 32.
  65. Richardson, p. 31.
  66. Richardson, p. 33.
  67. Richardson, p. 34.
  68. George Miller. On Fairness and Efficiency. The Policy Press, 2000. ISBN:978-1-86134-221-8 p. 344.
  69. Christine Kinealy. A Death-Dealing Famine:The Great Hunger in Ireland. Pluto Press, 1997. ISBN:978-0-7453-1074-9. p. 59.
  70. Stephen J. Lee. Aspects of British Political History, 1815–1914. Routledge, 1994. ISBN:978-0-415-09006-3. p. 83.
  71. Erik Gartzke, "Economic Freedom and Peace," in Economic Freedom of the World: 2005 Annual Report (Vancouver: Fraser Institute, 2005).
  72. Oneal, J. R.; Russet, B. M. (1997). "The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950–1985". International Studies Quarterly 41 (2): 267–294. doi:10.1111/1468-2478.00042.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2478.00042
  73. Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism (New York: Norton, 1997), p. 237 (ISBN:0-393-96947-9).
  74. Edward P. Stringham, "Commerce, Markets, and Peace: Richard Cobden's Enduring Lessons", Independent Review 9, no. 1 (2004): 105, 110, 115. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1676244
  75. Immanuel Kant, The Perpetual Peace.
  76. Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006, ch. 1. http://global.oup.com/academic/product/john-maynard-keynes-and-international-relations-9780198292364;jsessionid=4B0FEAE67C6CC2944F0147AFD5045F62?cc=au&lang=en&
  77. John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace Donald Markwell (2006), reviewed by M S Lawlor (February 2008). https://eh.net/book_reviews/john-maynard-keynes-and-international-relations-economic-paths-to-war-and-peace/
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