Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 3809 2022-11-21 01:43:28

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Torino Scale. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35559 (accessed on 15 September 2026).
HandWiki. Torino Scale. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35559. Accessed September 15, 2026.
HandWiki. "Torino Scale" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35559 (accessed September 15, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 21). Torino Scale. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35559
HandWiki. "Torino Scale." Encyclopedia. Web. 21 November, 2022.
Torino Scale
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Astronomy:Torino_scale

The Torino scale is a method for categorizing the impact hazard associated with near-Earth objects (NEOs) such as asteroids and comets. It is intended as a communication tool for astronomers and the public to assess the seriousness of collision predictions, by combining probability statistics and known kinetic damage potentials into a single threat value. The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a similar, but more complex scale. Near-Earth objects with a Torino scale of 1 pop up every couple of months or so and may last a few weeks until they have a longer observation arc.

probability statistics asteroids impact hazard

References

  1. "Torino Impact Scale". http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/torino.cfm.  Torino Impact Scale (NASA Ames)
  2. "The Rio Scale". International Academy of Astronautics. http://avsport.org/IAA/rioscale.htm. 
  3. "The Torino Impact Hazard Scale". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. 13 Apr 2005. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/torino_scale1.html. 
  4. "Sandia supercomputers offer new explanation of Tunguska disaster". Sandia National Laboratories. December 17, 2007. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-12/dnl-sso121807.php. 
  5. "Archived copy". http://sentinelmission.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/B612_PR_042214.pdf. 
  6. Elenin, Leonid (3 March 2013). "Close approach to Mars. Up-to-date analysis". SpaceObs.org blog (ISON-NM). http://spaceobs.org/en/2013/03/03/probability-of-collision-with-mars/. 
  7. "News - Comet to Make Close Flyby of Red Planet in October 2014". NASA/JPL. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-081. 
  8. "Current Impact Risks (2002 CU11)". Near-Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk. 
  9. "NEOs Removed from Impact Risks Tables". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/removed.html. 
  10. A. J. S. Rayl (July 25, 2002). "Asteroid 2002 NT7 Under Watch, But Probably Not Coming Our Way". Planetary News (The Planetary Society). http://www.planetary.org/news/2002/0725_Asteroid_2002_NT7_Under_Watch_But.html. 
  11. "Current Impact Risks (2003 EE16)". Near-Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/. 
  12. "2003 MH4 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2003mh4.html. 
  13. "Asteroid 2003 QQ47's Potential Earth Impact in 2014 Ruled Out". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. September 3, 2003. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news138.html. 
  14. "Major News about Minor Objects (2003 YT1)". hohmanntransfer. 2003-12-27. http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/0312/27.htm#risks. 
  15. "Major News about Minor Objects (2004 DV24)". hohmanntransfer. 2004-03-01. http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/0403/01.htm#risks. 
  16. "Major News about Minor Objects (2004 FU4)". hohmanntransfer. 2004-03-27. http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/0403/27.htm#risks. 
  17. Don Yeomans; Steve Chesley (December 23, 2004). "Near-Earth Asteroid 2004 MN4 Reaches Highest Score To Date On Hazard Scale". NASA/JPL Near-Earth Object Program Office. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news146.html. 
  18. David Morrison (March 1, 2006). "Asteroid 2004 VD17 classed as Torino Scale 2". Asteroid and Comet Impact Hazards (NASA). http://impact.arc.nasa.gov/news_detail.cfm?ID=167. 
  19. "1997 XR2 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/1997xr2.html. 
  20. "2006 SU49 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2006su49.html. 
  21. "2006 XG1 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2006xg1.html. 
  22. "2007 CA19 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2007ca19.html. 
  23. "2007 LQ19 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2007lq19.html. 
  24. "2008 AF4 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2008af4.html. 
  25. "2009 KK Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2009kk.html. 
  26. "2009 WM1 Earth Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2009wm1.html. 
  27. "Observations of small Solar-System bodies (2009 YG)". hohmanntransfer. 2009-12-28. http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/09/09362_1228.htm#2009YG. 
  28. "2005 YU55 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2005yu55.html. 
  29. Elizabeth K. Gardner (October 31, 2011). "Large asteroid to pass by Earth Nov. 8, but what if it didn't?". Purdue University. http://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/research/2011/111031T-MeloshAsteroid.html. 
  30. "2010 JU39 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2010ju39.html. 
  31. "2010 XC25 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2010xc25.html. 
  32. "2011 BM45 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2011bm45.html. 
  33. "2011 SM68 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2011sm68.html. 
  34. "Observations of small Solar-System bodies (2011 UL21)". hohmanntransfer. 2011-10-27. http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/11/11300_1027.htm#2011UL21. 
  35. "2011 UW158 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2011uw158.html. 
  36. "Observations of small Solar-System bodies (2012 CA21)". hohmanntransfer. 2012-02-21. http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/12/12052_0221.htm#2012CA21. 
  37. "Observations of small Solar-System bodies (2012 MU2)". hohmanntransfer. 2012-06-23. http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/12/12175_0623.htm#2012MU2. 
  38. "2011 AG5 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2011ag5.html. 
  39. "Observations of small Solar-System bodies (2013 TV135)". hohmanntransfer. 2013-11-02. http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/13/13289_1016.htm#2013TV135. 
  40. "2013 TV135 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. JPL. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2013tv135.html. 
  41. archive is/Wx0I3
  42. "2014 DA Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2014da.html. 
  43. "2007 VK184 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2007vk184.html. 
  44. "2015 NK13 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2015nk13.html. 
  45. "MPEC 2015-N44 : 2015 NK13". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. MPC. http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K15/K15N44.html. 
  46. "2015 PU228 Impact Table". NEODyS. https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.2&n=2015PU228. 
  47. "2015 PU228 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2015pu228.html. 
  48. "MPEC 2015-P73 : 2015 PU228". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. MPC. http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K15/K15P73.html. 
  49. "2016 WJ1 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2016wj1.html. 
  50. "MPEC 2016-W38 : 2016 WJ1". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. MPC. http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K16/K16W38.html. 
  51. "2016 XP23 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2016xp23.html. 
  52. "2017 AM4 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2017am4.html. 
  53. "2017 BL30 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/2017bl30.html. 
  54. "2017 CH1 Impactor Table". https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.2&n=2017CH1. 
  55. "2017 CH1 Earth Impact". http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/cgi-bin/crater.cgi?dist=100&diam=900&pdens=1500&pdens_select=0&vel=21.24&theta=45&tdens=2750&tdens_select=0. 
  56. "Sentry: Earth Impact Monitoring". https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html#?des=2017%20XO2. 
  57. "2018 GG2 Impact Risk". Near Earth Object Program. NASA. https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html#?des=2018%20GG2. 
  58. "Sentry: Earth Impact Monitoring Removed Objects". https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/removed.html. 
  59. "Archive.is of Sentry: 2020 BW14". https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html%23?des=2020%20BW14. 
  60. "MPEC 2020-C125 : 2020 BW14". https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K20/K20CC5.html. 
  61. Sentry: Earth Impact Monitoring 2020 DR2 -- Earth Impact Risk Summary Also See Archive.is https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html#?des=2020%20DR2
  62. "Sentry: 2020 NK1". https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/details.html#?des=2020%20NK1. 
  63. "hohmanntransfer: 2020 XR (10 Dec 2020)". http://www.hohmanntransfer.com/mn/20/20345_1210.htm#2020XR. 
  64. "Archive esa Risk List with 2021 TA8". https://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-list. 
  65. "Archive JPL Horizons: 2021 TA8 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 3 May 2034". 2021-10-12. https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272021+TA8%27&START_TIME=%272034-05-02%27&STOP_TIME=%272034-05-04%27&STEP_SIZE=%271+day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%2C39%27. 
  66. "Archive esa Risk List with 2021 TP21". https://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-list. 
  67. "JPL Horizons Archive: 2021 TP21 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 27 March 2081". JPL Horizons. https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272021+TP21%27&START_TIME=%272081-03-26%27&STOP_TIME=%272081-03-28%27&STEP_SIZE=%271+day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%2C39%27. 
  68. "Archive esa Risk List with 2022 AE1". https://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-list. 
  69. Sentry Archive: 2022 BX1 https://archive.ph/wXj1z
  70. "JPL Horizons: 2022 BX1 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 11 July 2061". JPL Horizons. https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272022+BX1%27&START_TIME=%272061-07-11+21:22%27&STOP_TIME=%272061-07-12%27&STEP_SIZE=%271+day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%2C39%27. Retrieved 2022-01-29. 
  71. Archive of ESA Risk List https://web.archive.org/web/20220904080653/https://neo.ssa.esa.int/risk-list
  72. "JPL Horizons: 2022 QX4 geocentric distance and uncertainty on 4 September 2068". JPL Horizons. https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%272022+QX4%27&START_TIME=%272068-09-04%27&STOP_TIME=%272068-09-05%27&STEP_SIZE=%272%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27. Retrieved 2022-09-11. 
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 4.2K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 21 Nov 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback