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HandWiki. Hypocrisy. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35424 (accessed on 24 September 2026).
HandWiki. Hypocrisy. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35424. Accessed September 24, 2026.
HandWiki. "Hypocrisy" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35424 (accessed September 24, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 21). Hypocrisy. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35424
HandWiki. "Hypocrisy." Encyclopedia. Web. 21 November, 2022.
Hypocrisy
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Hypocrisy is the contrivance of a false appearance of virtue or goodness, while concealing real character or inclinations, especially with respect to religious and moral beliefs; hence, in a general sense, hypocrisy may involve dissimulation, pretense, or a sham. Hypocrisy is the practice of engaging in the same behavior or activity for which one criticizes another. In moral psychology, it is the failure to follow one's own expressed moral rules and principles. According to British political philosopher David Runciman, "Other kinds of hypocritical deception include claims to knowledge that one lacks, claims to a consistency that one cannot sustain, claims to a loyalty that one does not possess, claims to an identity that one does not hold". American political journalist Michael Gerson says that political hypocrisy is "the conscious use of a mask to fool the public and gain political benefit". Hypocrisy has been a subject of folk wisdom and wisdom literature from the beginnings of human history. Increasingly, since the 1980s, it has also become central to studies in behavioral economics, cognitive science, cultural psychology, decision making, ethics, evolutionary psychology, moral psychology, political sociology, positive psychology, social psychology, and sociological social psychology.

folk wisdom wisdom literature ethics

References

  1. Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary, ed Morwood and Taylor, OUP 2002
  2. "Online Etymology Dictionary: "hypocrisy"". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=hypocrisy. Retrieved 2013-03-28. 
  3. Bryan Garsten, "Looking for an honest man." Modern Intellectual History 8#3 (2011): 697–708.
  4. Jones Clyve (2011). "'Too Wild to Succeed': The Occasional Conformity Bills and the Attempts by the House of Lords to Outlaw the Tack in the Reign of Anne". Parliamentary History 30 (3): 414–27. doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2011.00276.x.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1750-0206.2011.00276.x
  5. Knights Mark (2005). "Occasional conformity and the representation of dissent: hypocrisy, sincerity, moderation and zeal". Parliamentary History 24 (1): 41–57. 
  6. Luban Daniel (2015). "Bernard Mandeville as Moralist and Materialist". History of European Ideas 41 (7): 831–57. doi:10.1080/01916599.2015.1010777.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01916599.2015.1010777
  7. Miller James (2014). "Rousseau and Montaigne". Raritan 33 (4): 158–66. 
  8. L.G. Mitchell, "The Whigs, the People, and Reform," Proceedings of the British Academy (1999), Vol. 85, pp. 25–41
  9. Paul Langford, "The English as Reformers: Foreign Visitors' Impressions, 1750–1850" Proceedings of the British Academy (1999), Vol. 85, pp. 101–19.
  10. Mizuno Takeya (2013). "An Enemy's Talk of 'Justice'". Journalism History 39 (2): 94. 
  11. Thomas P. Kasulis, "Hypocrisy in the Self-Understanding of Religions." in Inter-Religious Models and Criteria (Palgrave Macmillan, 1993) pp. 151–65.
  12. Gospel of Luke 11:37–54 and Gospel of Matthew 23:1–36 https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke+11:37–11:54&version=nrsv
  13. Steve Mason, "Pharisaic Dominance Before 70 CE and the Gospels' Hypocrisy Charge (Matt 23: 2–3)." Harvard Theological Review 83#4 (1990): 363–81.
  14. "What is the use of platted hair, O fool! what of the raiment of goat-skins? Within thee there is ravening, but the outside thou makest clean. The man who wears dirty raiments, who is emaciated and covered with veins, who lives alone in the forest, and meditates, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. I do not call a man a Brâhmana because of his origin or of his mother. He is indeed arrogant, and he is wealthy: but the poor, who is free from all attachments, him I call indeed a Brâhmana. Dhammapada 394–96, Translated from the Pâli by F. Max Müller http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/sbe10/sbe1028.htm
  15. Christine Huda Dodge (2009). The Everything Understanding Islam Book: A complete guide to Muslim beliefs, practices, and culture. p. 96. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd5vHqdvp5kC&pg=PT96. 
  16. "And of mankind are some who say, 'We believe in God and the Last Day,' when they believe not. They think to beguile God and those who believe, and they beguile none save themselves; but they perceive not. In their hearts is a disease, and God increases their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie. And when it is said to them, 'Make not mischief on the earth,' they say, 'We are only peacemakers.' Behold they are indeed the mischief-makers but they perceive not." Al-Baqara 8–12
  17. Jung, 1966:5
  18. Jung, 1966: par. 28
  19. Jung, 1966: par. 437
  20. Machiavelli, N. (2004), Book 1 Ch 25. Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius. Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10827
  21. Byrne, R. W., & Whiten, A. (1988). Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  22. Kahneman, D. (2011), p. 35. Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
  23. Haidt, J. (2006), p. 61. The happiness hypothesis: Finding modern truth in ancient wisdom. New York: Basic Books. (pdf) http://www.happinesshypothesis.com/happiness-hypothesis-ch4.pdf
  24. Franklin, B. (1771), p. 18. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Ushistory.org http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/autobiography/page18.htm
  25. von, H. W., & Trivers, R. (January 1, 2011). "The evolution and psychology of self-deception". The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(1), 1–16. (pdf) http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/HomePage/Faculty/Swann/docu/brooks-swann.pdf
  26. Kuhn, D. (1991). The skills of argument. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  27. Perkins, D. N., Farady, M., & Bushey, B. In Voss, J. F., Perkins, D. N., & Segal, J. W. (1991). Informal reasoning and education. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates.
  28. Wason, P. C. (1960-01-01). "On the Failure to Eliminate Hypotheses in a Conceptual Task". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(129).
  29. Alicke, Mark D.; Klotz, M. L.; Breitenbecher, David L.; Yurak, Tricia J.; Vredenburg, Debbie S. "Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(5), May 1995, 804–25.
  30. Cross, K. P. (January 01, 1977). "Not Can, But Will College Teaching Be Improved?". New Directions for Higher Education, 17, 1–15.
  31. Heine, S. J. (1999-08-01). "Culture, self-discrepancies, and self-satisfaction". Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 915.
  32. Robert Kurzban, Why everyone (else) is a hypocrite: Evolution and the modular mind (Princeton UP, 2010).
  33. Lammers Joris, Stapel Diederik A., Galinsky Adam D. (2010). "Power increases hypocrisy moralizing in reasoning, immorality in behavior". Psychological Science 21 (5): 737–44. doi:10.1177/0956797610368810.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797610368810
  34. Lammers Joris et al. (2011). "Power increases infidelity among men and women". Psychological Science 22 (9): 1191–97. doi:10.1177/0956797611416252.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797611416252
  35. Wright, R. (1995). The moral animal: Evolutionary psychology and everyday life. New York: Vintage Books.
  36. Shaw, V. (May 01, 1996). "The Cognitive Processes in Informal Reasoning". Thinking & Reasoning, 2(1), 51–80.
  37. Haidt, J. (2006), p. 66. The happiness hypothesis: Finding modern truth in ancient wisdom. New York: Basic Books (pdf) http://www.happinesshypothesis.com/happiness-hypothesis-ch4.pdf
  38. Epley, N. (2000-12-01). "Feeling 'Holier Than Thou'". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 861–75.
  39. Tillyris Demetris (2016). "The virtue of vice: a defence of hypocrisy in democratic politics". Contemporary Politics 22 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/13569775.2015.1112958.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13569775.2015.1112958
  40. Koppang Haavard, Martin Mike W (2004). "On Moralizing in Business Ethics". Business & Professional Ethics Journal 23 (3): 107–14. doi:10.5840/bpej200423319.  https://dx.doi.org/10.5840%2Fbpej200423319
  41. Judith Shklar, "Let us not be hypocritical." Daedalus (1979): 1–25. in JSTOR https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024618
  42. Gerson, "Trump's hypocrisy is good for America" (2016)
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