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HandWiki. Civilian Casualties. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35353 (accessed on 15 September 2026).
HandWiki. Civilian Casualties. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35353. Accessed September 15, 2026.
HandWiki. "Civilian Casualties" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35353 (accessed September 15, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 20). Civilian Casualties. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35353
HandWiki. "Civilian Casualties." Encyclopedia. Web. 20 November, 2022.
Civilian Casualties
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:Civilian_casualties

Civilian casualties occur when civilians are killed or injured by non-civilians, mostly law enforcement officers, military personnel, rebel group forces, or terrorists. Under the law of war, it refers to civilians who perish or suffer wounds as a result of wartime acts. The term is generally applied to situations in which violence is committed in pursuit of political goals. During periods of armed conflict, there are structures, actors, and processes at a number of levels that affect the likelihood of violence against civilians. The term "civilian casualties" is sometimes used in non-military situations, for example to distinguish casualties to police vs. to criminals such as bank robbers.

civilians non-civilians violence

References

  1. Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, 2001, p. 364
  2. "Patterns in conflict: Civilians are now the target". http://www.unicef.org/graca/patterns.htm. 
  3. Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of War Victims Civilians? https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/user/1044/Survival_Jun-Jul_2010_-_AR_on_lives___statistics_-_non-printable.pdf
  4. Douglas P. Lackey (1 January 1984). Moral Principles and Nuclear Weapons. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-8476-7116-8. https://archive.org/details/moralprinciplesn0000lack/page/213. 
  5. "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977". The American National Red Cross. http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/f6c8b9fee14a77fdc125641e0052b079. 
  6. "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977". International Committee of the Red Cross. http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/States.xsp?xp_treatySelected=D9E6B6264D7723C3C12563CD002D6CE4&xp_viewStates=XPages_NORMStatesParties&redirect=0. 
  7. Rome Statute https://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/romefra.htm
  8. http://www.usccb.org/sdwp/international/justwar.htm
  9. "Nagel - War and Massacre". ucdavis.edu. http://www.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/classes/188/spring06/papers/nagle_war.html. 
  10. "Manifesto against Conscription and the Military System". themanifesto.info. http://www.themanifesto.info/manifesto.htm. 
  11. Ahlstrom, C. and K.-A. Nordquist (1991). "Casualties of conflict: report for the world campaign for the protection of victims of war." Uppsala, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University.
  12. Claire Garbett (9 January 2015). The Concept of the Civilian: Legal Recognition, Adjudication and the Trials of International Criminal Justice. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-00624-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8cBgAAQBAJ. 
  13. Roberts, A. (2010). "Lives and Statistics: Are 90% of war victims civilians?" Survival 52(3): 115-136. http://www.iiss.org/en/publications/survival/sections/2010-e7df/survival--global-politics-and-strategy-june-july-2010-af5f/52-3-10-roberts-5d9c
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