Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Rita Xu -- 1642 2022-11-18 01:35:26

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35198 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35198. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35198 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 18). Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35198
HandWiki. "Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence." Encyclopedia. Web. 18 November, 2022.
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Philosophy:Fluid_and_crystallized_intelligence

The concepts of fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallized intelligence (gc) were introduced in 1963 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell's psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence (g) is subdivided into gf and gc. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems and is correlated with a number of important skills such as comprehension, problem solving, and learning. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves the ability to deduce secondary relational abstractions by applying previously learned primary relational abstractions.

fluid intelligence general intelligence crystallized

References

  1. Cattell, R. B. (1963). "Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment". Journal of Educational Psychology 54: 1–22. doi:10.1037/h0046743.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0046743
  2. Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26, 107–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(67)90011-X
  3. Horn, J. L. (1968). Organization of abilities and the development of intelligence. Psychological Review, 75, 242-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025662
  4. Cattell, R. B. (1971). Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN:0-395-04275-5.
  5. Horn, J. L. (1969). Intelligence: Why it grows. why it declines. Trans-action, 4, 23-31.
  6. Papalia, D.; Fitzgerald, J.; Hooper, F. H. (1971). "Piagetian Theory and the Aging Process: Extensions and Speculations". The International Journal of Aging and Human Development 2: 3–20. doi:10.2190/AG.2.1.b.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2190%2FAG.2.1.b
  7. null
  8. Raven, J.; Raven, J. C.; Court, J. H. (2003) [1998]. "Section 1: General Overview". Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment. 
  9. Bornstein, Joel C.; Foong, Jaime Pei Pei (2009). "MGluR1 Receptors Contribute to Non-Purinergic Slow Excitatory Transmission to Submucosal VIP Neurons of Guinea-Pig Ileum". Frontiers in Neuroscience 3: 46. doi:10.3389/neuro.21.001.2009. PMID 20582273.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2695390
  10. Wright, Samantha B.; Matlen, Bryan J.; Baym, Carol L.; Ferrer, Emilio; Bunge, Silvia A. (2007). "Neural correlates of fluid reasoning in children and adults". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 1: 8. doi:10.3389/neuro.09.008.2007. PMID 18958222.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2525981
  11. Ferrer, Emilio; O'Hare, Elizabeth D.; Bunge, Silvia A. (2009). "Fluid reasoning and the developing brain". Frontiers in Neuroscience 3 (1): 46–51. doi:10.3389/neuro.01.003.2009. PMID 19753096.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2858618
  12. Woodcock, R. W.; McGrew, K. S.; Mather, N (2001). Woodcock Johnson III. Itasca, IL: Riverside. 
  13. Schrank, F. A.; Flanagan, D. P. (2003). WJ III Clinical use and interpretation. Scientist-practitioner perspectives. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 
  14. Wechsler, D. (2003). WISC-IV technical and interpretive manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. 
  15. Flanagan, D. P.; Kaufman, A. S. (2004). Essentials of WISC-IV assessment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. https://archive.org/details/essentialsofwisc0000flan. 
  16. Messick, Samuel (1989). "Meaning and Values in Test Validation: The Science and Ethics of Assessment". Educational Researcher 18 (2): 5–11. doi:10.3102/0013189X018002005.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3102%2F0013189X018002005
  17. Cacioppo, John T.; Freberg, Laura. Discovering Psychology: The Science of Mind. Cengage Learning, 2012, p. 448 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=md8KAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT448
  18. Lee, Jun-Young; Lyoo, In Kyoon; Kim, Seon-Uk; Jang, Hong-Suk; Lee, Dong-Woo; Jeon, Hong-Jin; Park, Sang-Chul; Cho, Maeng Je (2005). "Intellect declines in healthy elderly subjects and cerebellum". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 59 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01330.x. PMID 15679539.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1819.2005.01330.x
  19. Cavanaugh, J. C.; Blanchard-Fields, F (2006). Adult development and aging (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing/Thomson Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-52066-3. https://archive.org/details/adultdevelopment00john. 
  20. Desjardins, Richard; Warnke, Arne Jonas (2012). Ageing and Skills. OECD Education Working Papers. doi:10.1787/5k9csvw87ckh-en. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/57089/1/2012_Desjardins_Warnke.pdf. 
  21. Kyllonen, Patrick C.; Christal, Raymond E. (1990). "Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?!". Intelligence 14 (4): 389–433. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0160-2896%2805%2980012-1
  22. Fuster, Joaquin. The Prefrontal Cortex Elsevier, 2008, p. 44 https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zuZlvNICdhUC&pg=PA44
  23. Geary, D. C. (2005). The origin of mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4318015.aspx. 
  24. Todd W. Thompson (2013). "Failure of Working Memory Training to Enhance Cognition or Intelligence". PLoS ONE 8 (5): e63614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063614. PMID 23717453.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3661602
  25. Melby-Lervåg, Monica; Hulme, Charles (2012). "Is Working Memory Training Effective? A Meta-Analytic Review". Developmental Psychology 49 (2): 270–91. doi:10.1037/a0028228. PMID 22612437. http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/dev-49-2-270.pdf. 
  26. Jaeggi, Susanne M.; Buschkuehl, Martin; Jonides, John; Perrig, Walter J. (2008). "Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (19): 6829–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801268105. PMID 18443283. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..105.6829J.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2383929
  27. Chooi, Weng-Tink; Thompson, Lee A. (2012). "Working memory training does not improve intelligence in healthy young adults". Intelligence 40 (6): 531–42. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.07.004.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intell.2012.07.004
  28. Redick, Thomas S.; Shipstead, Zach; Harrison, Tyler L.; Hicks, Kenny L.; Fried, David E.; Hambrick, David Z.; Kane, Michael J.; Engle, Randall W. (2012). "No Evidence of Intelligence Improvement After Working Memory Training: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142 (2): 359–379. doi:10.1037/a0029082. PMID 22708717.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0029082
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 3.4K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 18 Nov 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback