Golan Heights

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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Place:Golan_Heights

The Golan Heights (Arabic: هَضْبَةُ الْجَوْلَانِ or Arabic: مُرْتَفَعَاتُ الْجَوْلَانِ, Hebrew: רמת הגולן‎, romanized: Ramat HaGolan), or simply the Golan, is a region in the Levant spanning about 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi). The region defined as the Golan Heights differs between disciplines: as a geological and biogeographical region, the term refers to a basaltic plateau bordered by the Yarmouk River in the south, the Sea of Galilee and Hula Valley in the west, the Anti-Lebanon with Mount Hermon in the north and Wadi Raqqad in the east. As a geopolitical region, it refers to the border region captured from Syria by Israel during the Six-Day War of 1967; the territory has been occupied by the latter since then and was subject to a de facto Israeli annexation in 1981. This region includes the western two-thirds of the geological Golan Heights and the Israeli-occupied part of Mount Hermon. The earliest evidence of human habitation on the Golan dates to the Upper Paleolithic period. According to the Bible, an Amorite kingdom in Bashan was conquered by the Israelites during the reign of King Og. Throughout the Biblical period, the Golan was "the focus of a power struggle between the kings of Israel and the Aramaeans who were based near modern-day Damascus." After Assyrian and Babylonian rule, the region came under the domination of Persia, following which Jews were freed from Babylonian captivity and allowed to return and resettle in the land. The Itureans, an Arab or Aramaic people, settled in the area in the 2nd century BCE. In the 16th century, the Golan was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Within Ottoman Syria, the Golan was part of the Syria Vilayet. The area later became part of the French Mandate in Syria and the State of Damascus. When the mandate terminated in 1946, it became part of the newly independent Syrian Arab Republic. By the late-19th century, the Golan Heights was inhabited mostly by colonized peasants (fellaḥîn), Bedouin Arabs, Druze, Turkmen, and Circassians. Since the Six-Day War of 1967, the western two-thirds of the Golan Heights has been occupied and administered by Israel, whereas the eastern third remains under the control of Syria. Following the war, Syria dismissed any negotiations with Israel as part of the Khartoum Resolution at the 1967 Arab League summit. Construction of Israeli settlements began in the remainder of the territory held by Israel, which was under a military administration until the Knesset passed the Golan Heights Law in 1981, which applied Israeli law to the territory; the move has been described as an annexation. The Golan Heights Law was condemned by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 497, which stated that "the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction, and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan Heights is null and void and without international legal effect", and Resolution 242, which emphasizes the "inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war". Israel maintains it has a right to retain the Golan, also citing the text of Resolution 242, which calls for "secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force". After the onset of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, control of the Syrian-administered part of the Golan Heights was split between the state government and Syrian opposition forces, with the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) maintaining a 266 km2 (103 sq mi) buffer zone in between to help implement the Israeli–Syrian ceasefire across the Purple Line. From 2012 to 2018, the eastern half of the Golan Heights became a scene of repeated battles between the Syrian Army, rebel factions of the Syrian opposition (including the United States -backed Southern Front) as well as various jihadist organizations such as al-Nusra Front and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant-affiliated Khalid ibn al-Walid Army. In July 2018, the Syrian government regained full control over the eastern Golan Heights. On 25 March 2019, then-President of the United States Donald Trump proclaimed US recognition of the Golan Heights as a part of the State of Israel, making it the first country to do so. The 28 member states of the European Union declared in turn that they do not recognize Israeli sovereignty, and several experts on international law reiterated that the principle remains that land gained by either defensive or offensive wars cannot be legally annexed under international law.

الْجَوْلَانِ international law golan

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[1]
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"The Golan Heights under Israeli Occupation 1967 – 1981" p.5. "The remainder of 131 agricultural villages and 61 individual farms were wiped of the face of the earth by the Israeli occupation authorities immediately following the Israeli victory in the 1967 war. They were razed to the ground and their lands handed over to exclusive Israeli-Jewish settlement." http://dro.dur.ac.uk/138/1/18CMEIS.pdf
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"The World Factbook". cia.gov. 2 December 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/.
Henry T. Conserva. Earth Tales: New Perspectives on Geography and History. Golan Heights, p. 197, at Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id={{}}&pg=PA197
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FSU.edu : International Boundary Study Number 94, 30 December 1969. Jordan—Syria Boundary. US Department of State, p. 12 http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf
Haim Gvirtzman, Israel Water Resources, Chapters in Hydrology and Environmental Sciences, Yad Ben-Zvi Press, Jerusalem (in Hebrew) Water.gov.il indicates that the Golan Heights contributes no more than 195 million m³ per year to the Sea of Galilee, as well as another 120 million m³ per year from the Banias River tributary. Israel's annual water consumption is about 2,000 million m3. http://www.water.gov.il/%EE%E0%E2%F8%E9+%EE%E9%E3%F2/%EE%F9%E0%E1%E9+%E4%EE%E9%ED+%E1%E9%F9%F8%E0%EC/%EE%F7%E5%F8%E5%FA+%E4%EE%E9%ED+%E4%E8%E1%F2%E9%E9%ED/%E0%E2%ED+%E4%EB%E9%F0%F8%FA/%EE%E0%E6%EF+%E4%EE%E9%ED+%F9%E0%E9%E1%E5%FA+%E5%EE%F4%EC%F1%E9%ED.htm
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The Ancient world. Ares Publishers. 2002. p. 54. https://books.google.com/books?id=ChMiAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2008). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 289–290. ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=cSuErBFmykQC&pg=PA289. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Reflections on a Reconstruction of Ancient Qasrin Village, The reconstructed past: reconstructions in the public interpretation of archaeology and history, Ann Killebrew John H. Jameson, Rowman Altamira, 2004, pp. 127–146
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"Morbid theory in mystery of Israel's answer to Stone Henge". Haaretz.com. 3 November 2011. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/morbid-theory-in-mystery-of-israel-s-answer-to-stone-henge-1.393568.
Kanatir, TAU. http://geophysics.tau.ac.il/personal/neta/kanatir/kanatir.htm
Tarnopolsky, Noga (15 September 2006). "Upstart Wineries Drench Previously Arid Country". http://www.forward.com/articles/3896/.
"Battlefield becomes Israeli vineyard". http://www.welnerwines.com/Articles/about-us/2nytimes.pdf.
"Wine map". mykerem. http://www.israeli-wine.org/map/.
Hayoun, David (15 April 1997). "INOC Will Seek Two Year Extension of Golan Heights Drilling Licence". Globes. http://archive.globes.co.il/searchgl/INOC%20Will%20Seek%20Two%20Year%20Extension%20of%20Golan%20Heights_h_hd_2L3amDp1SCpOnD3CsBcXqRMm0.html. "The Israel National Oil Company (INOC), intends shortly to approach the Commissioner for Oil Prospecting at the Ministry of National Infrastructures with a demand for a two-year extension of the licence awarded the company in the past for shaft-sinking on the Golan Heights."
"Netanyahu Approves Oil Drilling In Golan Heights". Associated Press (Jerusalem). 25 October 1996. http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1996/Netanyahu-Approves-Oil-Drilling-In-Golan-Heights/id-6ca8bcf86b3e4902870f5663644aa3ea. "The National Oil Company expects the Golan site to yield some 2 million barrels of oil and revenue of about $24 million, Haaretz said."
(in he)TheMarker. 13 May 2012. http://www.themarker.com/dynamo/1.1706455.+"על פי הדיווח, בראשית שנות ה-90, בימי ממשלתו של יצחק רבין ז"ל, הוחלט להקפיא את את מתן הרישיונות על רקע הנסיונות לנהל משא ומתן לשלום בין ישראל לסוריה."
Hayoun, David (3 July 1997). (in he)Globes. http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=132167.+"תהליך הפרטתה של חנ"ל (חברת הנפט הלאומית) החל ברגל ימין: מנהלת רשות החברות הממשלתיות, ציפי ליבני, היתה מאושרת לפני מספר חודשים לשמוע, כי שבע קבוצות ניגשו למיכרז הראשוני לרכישת החברה."
Hayoun, David (3 July 1997). (in he)Globes. http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=129317.+"נודע, כי מנהלת רשות החברות, ציפי לבני, הודיעה על החלטה לשלול את הזיכיון לקידוחים ברמת הגולן לשלוש הקבוצות המתמודדות על רכישת חנ"ל."
Ben Zion, Ilan (13 May 2012). "Government secretly approves Golan Heights drilling". The Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/government-secretly-approves-golan-heights-drilling/.
Barkat, Amiram (20 February 2013). "Israel awards first Golan oil drilling license". Globes. http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000824062&fid=1725.
"N.J. firm wins original rights to drill in Golan Heights". JTA. 21 February 2013. http://www.jta.org/news/article/2013/02/21/3120221/jersey-firm-wins-rights-to-drill-in-golan-heights.
Khoury, Jack (25 February 2016). "Human Rights Groups: Golan Oil Drilling Contravenes International Law". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.705391.
"Permanent sovereignty of the Palestinian people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and of the Arab population in the occupied Syrian Golan over their natural resources". https://undocs.org/en/A/C.2/76/L.35. "Demands that Israel, the occupying Power, cease the exploitation, damage, cause of loss or depletion and endangerment of the natural resources in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan"
"Second Committee Approves Nine Resolutions, Including One Voicing Deep Concern over 1.3 Billion People Living in Multidimensional Poverty". 18 November 2021. https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/gaef3560.doc.htm.

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