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HandWiki. Suetonius on Christians. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35077 (accessed on 16 September 2026).
HandWiki. Suetonius on Christians. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35077. Accessed September 16, 2026.
HandWiki. "Suetonius on Christians" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35077 (accessed September 16, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 17). Suetonius on Christians. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/35077
HandWiki. "Suetonius on Christians." Encyclopedia. Web. 17 November, 2022.
Suetonius on Christians
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The Roman historian Suetonius (c. AD 69 – c. AD 122) mentions early Christians and may refer to Jesus Christ in his work Lives of the Twelve Caesars. One passage in the biography of the Emperor Claudius Divus Claudius 25, refers to agitations in the Roman Jewish community and the expulsion of Jews from Rome by Claudius during his reign (AD 41 to AD 54), which may be the expulsion mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles (18:2). In this context "Chresto" is mentioned. Some scholars see this as a likely reference to Jesus, while others see it as referring to an otherwise unknown person living in Rome. Christians are explicitly mentioned in Suetonius' biography of the Emperor Nero (Nero 16) as among those punished during Nero's reign. These punishments are generally dated to around AD 64, the year of the Great Fire of Rome. In this passage Suetonius describes Christianity as excessive religiosity (superstitio) as do his contemporaries, Tacitus and Pliny. Historians debate whether or not the Roman government distinguished between Christians and Jews prior to Nerva's modification of the Fiscus Judaicus in AD 96. From then on, practising Jews paid the tax, Christians did not.

religiosity christianity suetonius

References

  1. C. Adrian Thomas, A Case for Mixed-Audience With Reference to the Warning Passages in the Book of Hebrews, Peter Lang Pub (2008) p 116
  2. Suetonius, Catharine Edwards. Lives of the Caesars (2001) ISBN:0192832719 pp. 184, 203
  3. Van Voorst, Jesus, 2000. p 30-31
  4. De Vita Caesarum (C. Suetoni Tranquilli Opera. Vol. 1, ed. M. Ihm, 1908) OCLC 462167701. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/462167701
  5. Boman (2012) states that there are many different spellings of this word in the manuscripts he examined, namely "Chresto, Cherestro, Cresto, Chrestro, Cheresto, Christo, xpo, xpisto, and Cristo". The readings Chestro and Chirestro, mentioned by earlier scholars, "might indeed be only scholarly misspellings" he writes. He concludes that "the majority of the 41 manuscripts collected [by him], including a vast majority of the oldest and most trustworthy manuscripts from the 9th to the 13th century, belonging to both [manuscript] families read Chresto" and that "it is incorrect to claim that only one manuscript contains this reading (Torrentius), that Chresto is only an occasional reading (Botermann) or that no copyist ever wrote Christo (Van Voorst)", "that Cherestro, and other similar spellings, in all likelihood are at best mere scribal or scholarly conjectures, but rather pure scribal errors which have been incautiously transmitted" and that "Christ-spellings in the MSS most likely are the conjectures by Christian scribes or scholars."[13]
  6. Gruen, Eric (1998), "review of H. Dixon Slingerland, Claudian Policymaking and the Early Imperial Repression of Judaism at Rome", Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1998-07-02, http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1998/1998-07-02.html 
  7. Donna Hurley also notes that impulsore Chresto is "surely the most notorious phrase Suetonius ever wrote."[15] Leonard Rutgers states that "the interpretation of Suetonius's phrase impulsore Chresto is difficult" and "opinions differ as to what caused these disturbances."[16]
  8. Wm L. Lane, p.204.
  9. J. Boman, Impulsore Cherestro? Suetonius' Divus Claudius 25.4 in Sources and Manuscripts, p. 356
  10. James D. G. Dunn Jesus Remembered (2003) ISBN:0-8028-3931-2 pp. 141-143
  11. R.T. France, The Evidence for Jesus, Hodder & Stoughton (1986) p. 42.
  12. R. T. France. The Evidence for Jesus. (2006) Regent College Publishing ISBN:1-57383-370-3. p. 42
  13. As translated by Molly Whittaker, Jews and Christians: Graeco-Roman Views, (Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 105.
  14. Louis H. Feldman, Jewish Life and Thought among Greeks and Romans (Oct 1, 1996) ISBN:0567085252 p. 332
  15. Van Voorst, Jesus, 2000. p. 32.
  16. Van Voorst page 37
  17. E. Mary Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian (Oct 1, 2001) ISBN:039104155X pp. 210-211
  18. Edwin M. Yamauchi, "Jesus Outside the New Testament: What Is the Evidence?", in Jesus Under Fire, Michael J. Wilkins & J.P. Moreland (eds.), Grand Rapids: Zondervan, (1995) ISBN:0-310-21139-5, p.215
  19. Barbara Levick, Claudius (Yale University Press, 1993) ISBN:9780300058314 p.121-122.
  20. J. Mottershead (ed.), Claudius, ed. with commentary (Bristol : Bristol Classical Press, 1986) p.50.
  21. Menahem Stern,Jerusalem, 1980; Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism Vol. 2, p. 116
  22. William L. Lane in Judaism and Christianity in First-Century Rome edited by Karl Paul Donfried and Peter Richardson (1998) ISBN:0802842658 pp. 204-206
  23. Antioch and Rome by Raymond E. Brown and John P. Meier (May 1983) ISBN:0809125323 pages 100-101
  24. Robert E. Van Voorst, Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. pages 30-31
  25. Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory. The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition (2007) ISBN:0-8010-3114-1 pages 166
  26. Examples of scholars who see historical value in the passage as a reference to Jesus are Craig A. Evans, John Meier and Craig S. Keener.
  27. D. Slingerland, "Chrestus: Christus?" in A. J. Avery-Peck, New Perspectives on Ancient Judaism 4 (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989) ISBN:9780819171795 p.143.
  28. The same view has been espoused by Neil Elliot ('impulsore Chresto probably refers to "Chrestus" having prompted Claudius' expulsion, not the Jews' disturbances')[37] and Ian Rock ("there is sufficient reason to believe that either Chrestus may have been the impulsor to Claudius given the evidence that powerful freedmen influenced Claudius' decisions").[38]
  29. Stephen Benko, "Pagan Criticism of Christianity During the First Two Centuries A.D." in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (1980). Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur. Walter De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110080162.  p.1059.
  30. Brian Incigneri, The Gospel to the Romans (Leiden: Brill, 2003) ISBN:9004131086 p.211.
  31. Slingerland, 'Suetonius "Claudius" 25.4 and the Account in Cassius Dio', JQR 79, 4, p.306
  32. Jerome Murphy-O'Connor St. Paul's Corinth: Texts and Archaeology (Aug 1, 2002) ISBN:0814653030 p.152
  33. Rainer Riesner "Pauline Chronology" in Stephen Westerholm The Blackwell Companion to Paul (May 16, 2011) ISBN:1405188448 pp.13-14
  34. Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts by Ralph Martin Novak 2001 ISBN:1-56338-347-0 pages 18-22
  35. Craig S. Keener in The Blackwell Companion to Paul edited by Stephen Westerholm 2011 ISBN:1405188448 page 51
  36. Gregory E. Sterling. "Customs Which Are Not Lawful: The Social Apology of Luke-Acts". Leaven. http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1819&context=leaven. Retrieved 2012-08-20.  p.1. (pdf)
  37. The spelling christiani "seems to be the original reading"; cf. J. Boman, Inpulsore Cherestro? Suetonius' Divus Claudius 25.4 in Sources and Manuscripts, p. 355, n. 2
  38. J. Boman, Comments on Carrier: Is Thallus Actually Quoted by Eusebius?, Liber Annuus 62 (2012), ISSN 0081-8933, Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem 2013, pp. 324-325, n. 26
  39. K. R. Bradley, "Suetonius, Nero 16.2: 'afflicti suppliciis christian'", The Classical Review, 22, p.10.
  40. Marius Heemstra, The Fiscus Judaicus and the Parting of the Ways (Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Company 2010) ISBN:9783161503832, p.89.
  41. Wilken, Robert Louis (2003). The Christians as the Romans Saw Them (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0300098396. 
  42. John Dominic Crossan, Birth of Christianity (1999) ISBN:0567086682 p. 3
  43. Stephen Benko, Pagan Rome and the Early Christians (Indiana University Press, 1986) ISBN:0253203856 page 20
  44. Matthew Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire 1994 ISBN:081602135X page 111
  45. Tertullian, Scorpiace 15 http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0318.htm
  46. Mary Ellen Snodgrass, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, USA 2010, p. 270. Cf. Heinrich Hoppe, De sermone Tertullianeo quaestiones selectae, Marburgi Chattorum 1897, p. 26 f. "Tertullian kombinierte im Jahr 211/212, als er 'De scorpiace' schrieb, eine Nachricht aus der Nero-Vita Suetons mit den Apostelakten und zwei Bibelstellen", writes Otto Zwierlein, Petrus in Rom: Die literarischen Zeugnisse, 2nd ed., de Gruyter, Göttingen 2010, p. 119.
  47. Waszink noted that "[I]n scorp. 15 (178, 11/2) we read vitas Caesarum legimus: orientem fidem Romae primus Nero cruentavit [i.e. "We read the lives of the Cæsars: At Rome Nero was the first who stained with blood the rising faith"] (again from Suet. Nero, ch. 16)"; see Jan Hendrik Waszink, "Quinti Septimi Florentis Tertulliani De Anima", Brill, Leiden 2010 (original: J. M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam 1947), p. 479. Merrill wrote: "He [Tertullian] also had read (perhaps while resident in Rome) the Lives of Suetonius", with "Scorp 15 uitas Caesarum ... cruentauit (Suet. Nero 16, 2)" supplied in the footnote; see Elmer Truesdell Merrill, Essays in Early Christian History, Macmillan 1924, p. 121 with n. 2.
  48. See Anthony R. Birley, Marius Maximus: The Consular Biographer, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II 34, 3, 1997, p. 2752, with n. 230, and Simon Swain, Portraits: Biographical Representation in the Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire (ed. M. Mark J. Edwards, Simon Swain), Oxford 1997, p. 24, n. 65. Both authors refer to Timothy D. Barnes, Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study, Oxford 1971, for Tertullian having referred to Tacitus as "the Lives of the Caesars".
  49. Eigler notes that Tertullian's passage is an "Anspielung auf Tac. ann 15, 44; Suet. Nero 16, 2"; see Ulrich Eigler, Lectiones vetustatis, Römische Literatur und Geschichte in der lateinischen Literatur der Spätantike (Zetemata: Monographien zur Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft 115), Beck, München 2003, p. 188, n. 16.
  50. Stephen Benko "Pagan Criticism of Christianity" in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt edited by Hildegard Temporini et al, ISBN:3110080168, pp. 1055-1112
  51. Robert E. Van Voorst Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. ISBN:0-8028-4368-9 page 69-70
  52. P.E. Easterling, E. J. Kenney (general editors), The Cambridge History of Latin Literature, page 892 (Cambridge University Press, 1982, reprinted 1996). ISBN:0-521-21043-7
  53. Christianity and the Roman Empire: background texts by Ralph Martin Novak 2001 ISBN:1-56338-347-0 pages 13 and 20
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