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HandWiki. Eurabia. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34825 (accessed on 26 September 2026).
HandWiki. Eurabia. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34825. Accessed September 26, 2026.
HandWiki. "Eurabia" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34825 (accessed September 26, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 16). Eurabia. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34825
HandWiki. "Eurabia." Encyclopedia. Web. 16 November, 2022.
Eurabia
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Religion:Eurabia

Eurabia is a political neologism, a portmanteau of Europe and Arabia, used to describe a far-right anti-Muslim conspiracy theory, involving globalist entities allegedly led by French and Arab powers, to Islamise and Arabise Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining a previous alignment with the United States and Israel. The term was first used in the 1970s as the title of a newsletter and the concept itself developed by Bat Ye'or (pen name of Gisèle Littman) in the early 2000s and is described in her 2005 book titled Eurabia: The Euro‐Arab Axis. Benjamin Lee of the Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats at the University of Lancaster describes her work as arguing that Europe "has surrendered to Islam and is in a state of submission (described as dhimmitude) in which Europe is forced to deny its own culture, stand silently by in the face of Muslim atrocities, accept Muslim immigration, and pay tribute through various types of economic assistance." According to the theory, the blame rests with a range of groups including communists, fascists, the media, universities, mosques and Islamic cultural centres, European bureaucrats, and the Euro-Arab Dialogue. The term has gained some public interest and has been used and discussed across a wide range of the political spectrum, including right-wing activists, self-described "conservatives" and counter-jihad and other anti-Islamism activists. Bat Ye'or's "mother conspiracy theory" has been used for further subtheories. The narrative grew important in expressing anti-Islamist sentiments and was used by movements like Stop Islamisation of Europe. It gained renewed interest after the September 11 attacks and the use of the term by 2011 Norway attacker, Anders Behring Breivik. Ye'or's thesis has come under criticism by scholars, which intensified after Breivik's crime. The conspiracy has been described as having resemblance to the anti-Semitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Eurabia is also discussed in classical anti-Europeanism, a strong influence in the culture of the United States and in the notion of American exceptionalism, which sometimes sees Europe on the decline or as a rising rival power, or, as is the case here, both.

exceptionalism public interest neologism

References

  1. "Euro-Arab dialogue". [MEDEA]. http://www.medea.be/?doc=55&lang=en.  [1]
  2. Bat Ye'or (December 2002). "Le dialogue Euro-Arabe et la naissance d'Eurabia" (in fr). Observatoire du monde juif. http://obs.monde.juif.free.fr/pdf/omj04-05.pdf.  English translation
  3. Fekete, Liz (2012). "The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre". Race & Class 53 (3): 30–47. doi:10.1177/0306396811425984.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0306396811425984
  4. Justin Vaïsse (January–February 2010). "Eurabian Follies". Foreign Policy. The FP Group, a The Washington Post subsidiary. https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/04/eurabian_follies?page=full. 
  5. Simon Kuper (October 11, 2007). "The Crescent and the Cross.". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/4cf288ba-8c13-11dc-af4d-0000779fd2ac. 
  6. Melanie Phillips (2006). Londonistan: How Britain is creating a terror state within. London: Encounter. ISBN 9781594031441. 
  7. Oriana Fallaci (2004) (in it). La forza della ragione. Milano: Rizzoli. ISBN 9788817002967. 
  8. Bruce Bawer (2007). While Europe Slept. New York: Anchor/Random House. ISBN 978-0767920056. https://archive.org/details/whileeuropeslept00bawe_0. 
  9. Tunku Varadarajan (June 23, 2005). "Prophet of Decline". The Wall Street Journal. http://www.opinionjournal.com/forms/printThis.html?id=110006858. ""Europe is no longer Europe, it is 'Eurabia,' a colony of Islam"" 
  10. Dopo Londra (September 15, 2006). "Il nemico che trattiamo da amico" (in it). Corriere della Sera. http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/09_Settembre/15/falultimopezzo.shtml. "Fallaci says "Sono quattr' anni che parlo di nazismo islamico, di guerra all' Occidente, di culto della morte, di suicidio dell' Europa. Un' Europa che non è più Europa ma Eurabia e che con la sua mollezza, la sua inerzia, la sua cecità, il suo asservimento al nemico si sta scavando la propria tomba." ("Since four years I am talking about the Islamic Nazism, the war to the West, the cult of death, the suicide of Europe. A Europe that is no longer Europe but Eurabia, which with its softness, its inertia, its blindness, its servitude to the enemy is digging its own grave.")" 
  11. Mark Steyn (2006). America Alone: The End of the World as We Know It. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing Inc.. ISBN 978-0847827534. 
  12. Mark Steyn (January 2, 2006). "It's the Demography, stupid". The New Criterion. http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/its-the-demography-1429. 
  13. Mark Steyn (October 10, 2006). "The future belongs to Islam". Macleans.ca. http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20061023_134898_134898. 
  14. including Gates of Vienna, Paul Beliën's Brussels Journal, Front Page Magazine, Richard Landes's Eurabia article, Fjordman's The Eurabia Code article and his Defeating Eurabia compilation. http://www.theaugeanstables.com/reflections-from-second-draft/eurabia/
  15. Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen (2008). Defeating Eurabia. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781409247159.  (available online) http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.fr/2008/10/defeating-eurabia-part-5.html
  16. Sandvik, Siv (3 August 2011). "Fjordman hevder han vil hjelpe politiet i terroretterforskningen". Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7736530. 
  17. "Muslims 'about to take over Europe'". http://www.jpost.com/International/Muslims-about-to-take-over-Europe. 
  18. "Europa Wird Islamisch". Die Welt. April 18, 2006. https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article211310/Europa-wird-islamisch.html. 
  19. Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain, Julie V. Gottlieb, Thomas P. Linehan.B.Tauris, 31.12.2003, p.75
  20. DRÁBIK, Jakub. Oswald Mosley´s Concept of a United Europe. A Contribution to the Study of Pan-European Nationalism. In. The Twentieth Century, 2/2012, s. 53-65, Prague : Charles University in Prague, ISSN 1803-750X
  21. Niall Ferguson (April 4, 2004). "The way we live now: Eurabia?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/04/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-4-4-04-eurabia.html. 
  22. Zúquete, José Pedro (October 2008). "The European Extreme Right and Islam: New directions?". Journal of Political Ideologies 13 (3): 321–344. doi:10.1080/13569310802377019.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13569310802377019
  23. Geert Wilders. "speech in the Dutch parliament, September 16, 2009". http://www.geertwilders.nl/?option=com_content&task=view&id=1595. 
  24. See: Fekete, Liz (2012). "The Muslim conspiracy theory and the Oslo massacre". Race & Class 53 (3): 30–47. doi:10.1177/0306396811425984.  Carland, Susan (2011). "Islamophobia, fear of loss of freedom, and the Muslim woman". Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 22 (4): 469–473. doi:10.1080/09596410.2011.606192.  David Lagerlöf; Jonathan Leman; Alexander Bengtsson (2011). The Anti-Muslim Environment - The ideas, the Profiles and the Concept. Stockholm: Expo Research. http://expo.se/www/download/research_the_anti_muslim_environment_final.pdf. Retrieved June 8, 2012.  Shooman, Yasemin; Spielhaus, Riem (2010). "The concept of the Muslim enemy in the public discourse". in Jocelyne Cesari. Muslims in the West after 9/11: religion, politics, and law. Routledge. pp. 198–228. ISBN 978-0-415-77654-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=6OH3G0VESQsC&pg=PA198.  Fekete, Liz (2006). "Enlightened fundamentalism? Immigration, feminism and the Right". Race & Class 48 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1177/0306396806069519.  Carr, M. (2006). "You are now entering Eurabia". Race & Class 48: 1–22. doi:10.1177/0306396806066636. 
  25. Marján, Attila; André Sapir (2010). Europe's Destiny. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8018-9547-0. 
  26. "Eurabiske vers" (in no). Morgenbladet. August 19, 2011. http://morgenbladet.no/samfunn/2011/eurabiske_vers. 
  27. Kuper, Simon (September 9, 2011). "The end of Eurabia". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/1c825298-d8f7-11e0-aff1-00144feabdc0.html. 
  28. Roy, Olivier (2008). The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-80043-3. 
  29. Gardell, Mattias (2011) (in no). Islamofobi. Oslo: Spartacus. ISBN 9788243006683. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-162521. 
  30. "Advarer mot å ta Breivik seriøst" (in no). Norsk Telegrambyrå. Norsk Rikskringkasting. May 2, 2012. http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8111936. 
  31. Brian Grim quoted in Richard Greene, World Muslim population doubling, report projects, CNN, 2011-01-27 http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/27/world-muslim-population-doubling-report-projects/
  32. Simon Kuper (August 19, 2007). "Head count belies vision of 'Eurabia'". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/123ade02-4e6f-11dc-85e7-0000779fd2ac.html. 
  33. Kaufmann, Eric (20 March 2010). "Europe's Muslim Future", Prospect, Issue 169. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2010/03/europes-muslim-future/
  34. See also Randy McDonald, France, its Muslims, and the Future, 2004-04-13, Doug Saunders, "The 'Eurabia' myth deserves a debunking ", The Globe and Mail, 2008-09-20, Fewer differences between foreign born and Swedish born childbearing women, Statistics Sweden, 2008-11-03, Mary Mederios Kent, Do Muslims have more children than other women in western Europe? , Population Reference Bureau, prb.org, February 2008; for fertility of Muslims outside Europe, see the sentence "The dramatic decline in Iran's fertility provides a recent example of how strict Islamic practices can coexist with widespread use of family planning.", and (the articles) Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi and Mary Mederios Kent, Fertility Declining in the Middle East and North Africa , prb.org, April 2008, especially the figure 2, Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, Recent changes and the future of fertility in Iran, especially the figure 1; http://demographymatters.blogspot.com/2008/02/demographic-spectres-and-politics.html
  35. See also "Merely speaking of a 'Muslim community in France' can be misleading and inaccurate: like every immigrant population, Muslims in France exhibit strong cleavages based on the country of their origin, their social background, political orientation and ideology, and the branch or sect of Islam that they practice (when they do)." in Justin Vaisse, Unrest in France, November 2005 , 2006-01-12 http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2006/0112france_vaisse.aspx
  36. See also Justin Vaïsse, La France et les musulmans: une politique étrangère sous influence? , April 2007 (in French) http://www.vaisse.net/BiblioJustin/Articles/BiblioJustin-Lobby_musulman-avril2007.pdf
  37. Europas muslimische Eliten: Wer sie sind und was sie wollen Jytte Klausen, Campus Verlag, 13.03.2000
  38. Walter Laqueur (2009). Best of Times, Worst of Times. University Press of New England. p. 211. https://books.google.com/books?id=8k05tbeFo-MC&pg=PA211
  39. Judis, John (2018). The Nationalist Revival; Trade Immigration, and the Revolt Against Gobalization. Columbia Global Reports. p. 99. ISBN 9780999745403. 
  40. Simon Kuper (September 9, 2011). "The end of Eurabia". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/1c825298-d8f7-11e0-aff1-00144feabdc0. 
  41. "U.S. Museum Condemns Far-right German Party for Using Their Painting for anti-Muslim Campaign". Haaretz. May 1, 2019. https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/u-s-museum-condemns-far-right-germany-party-for-using-their-painting. 
  42. "AfD in hot water with US museum over campaign billboard". Deutsche Welle. April 26, 2019. https://www.dw.com/en/afd-in-hot-water-with-us-museum-over-campaign-billboard/a-48508555. 
  43. "How Oriana Fallaci's Writings on Islamism Are Remembered—and Reviled" (in en). The Atlantic. December 15, 2017. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/12/oriana-fallaci-journalist-views-islamism/544736/. 
  44. "Oriana Fallaci, Incisive Italian Journalist, Is Dead at 77" (in en). The New York Times. September 16, 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/16/books/16fallaci.html. 
  45. "Ukip faces questions about its far-right friends in Europe" (in en). The Guardian. March 10, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/mar/10/ukip-faces-questions-far-right-europe-for-freedom-and-democracy. 
  46. "La matanza de Oslo descoloca a la extrema derecha europea" (in es). Público (Spain). July 30, 2011. https://www.publico.es/internacional/matanza-oslo-descoloca-extrema-derecha.html. 
  47. "Europe's future: A combination of Eurabia and a geriatric ward" (in en). Arutz Sheva. December 8, 2018. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/23130. 
  48. "Sarzana, il capogruppo del Carroccio: "Votare Lega per evitare l'Eurabia"" (in it). Il Secolo XIX. May 21, 2019. https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/la-spezia/2019/05/21/news/sarzana-il-capogruppo-del-carroccio-votare-lega-per-evitare-l-eurabia-1.32867332. 
  49. "Le proteste della Svezia per un servizio del Tg2" (in it). Il Post. May 21, 2019. https://www.ilpost.it/2019/05/26/svezia-arrabbiata-servizio-tg2/. 
  50. "Salvini rompe il silenzio elettorale su Rai3. Pd e sinistra attaccano." (in it). la Repubblica. May 25, 2019. https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2019/05/25/news/silenzio_elettorale_elezioni_europee_social-227151837/. 
  51. "Lettons, Maltais et Slovaques convoqués aux urnes pour les élections européennes" (in fr). Le Devoir. May 25, 2019. https://www.ledevoir.com/monde/europe/555313/les-europeens-aux-urnes-l-extreme-droite-veut-marquer-le-coup. 
  52. "Arthur van Amerongen: 'Misschien dat er dit jaar nog iets in Amsterdam gebeurt'" (in nl). de Volkskrant. November 23, 2015. https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/arthur-van-amerongen-misschien-dat-er-dit-jaar-nog-iets-in-amsterdam-gebeurt~bc0d6bcd/. 
  53. Teun Voeten (November 21, 2015). "A former resident reflects on his struggles with Brussels' most notorious neighborhood". Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/molenbeek-broke-my-heart-radicalization-suburb-brussels-gentrification/. 
  54. Allegretti, Aubrey (June 16, 2015). "Disgraced Ukip MEP Janice Atkinson Joins Far-Right Front National Group In European Parliament". HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/06/16/ukip-janice-atkinson-mep-marine-le-pen_n_7595388.html. 
  55. Mehdi Hasan (March 8, 2017). "The "Dutch Trump" Is Even More Toxic Than the Real Thing" (in en). The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2017/03/08/the-dutch-trump-is-even-more-toxic-than-the-real-thing/. 
  56. "Geert Wilders: maverick who could ride anti-Islam wave to the top of Dutch politics". The Conversation. September 6, 2016. http://theconversation.com/geert-wilders-maverick-who-could-ride-anti-islam-wave-to-the-top-of-dutch-politics-64992. 
  57. Geert Wilders (September 16, 2009). "Speech in the Dutch parliament". Geert Wilders' blog. http://www.geertwilders.nl/?option=com_content&task=view&id=1595. 
  58. "Suspect admired bloggers who believe Europe is drowning in Muslims". CNN. July 27, 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/07/27/norway.terror.web/index.html. 
  59. See: Doug Saunders (July 25, 2011). "Norway gunman's manifesto calls for war against Muslims". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/norway-gunmans-manifesto-calls-for-war-against-muslims/article2107826/.  Full text Doug Saunders (July 26, 2011). "'Eurabia' opponents scramble for distance from anti-Muslim murderer". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/eurabia-opponents-scramble-for-distance-from-anti-muslim-murderer/article2109447/.  Full text Fredrik Mandal; Kenneth Nodeland (July 24, 2011). "Terroristen ville bruke atomvåpen" (in no). Bergens Tidende. http://www.bt.no/nyheter/innenriks/Terroristen-ville-bruke-atomvpen-2542322.html.  Archer, Toby (July 25, 2011). "Breivik's Swamp". Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/07/25/breivik_s_swamp?page=0,1. Retrieved May 12, 2012.  "Massedrapsmannen kopierte "Unabomberen" ord for ord" (in no). Norsk Rikskringkasting. July 24, 2011. http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725223.  Timothy Rutten (July 27, 2011). "The Norway attacks illustrate once again the danger posed by hate-laced propaganda". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/27/opinion/la-oe-0727-rutten-20110727.  Scott Shane (July 24, 2011). "Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/25/us/25debate.html.  Andrew Brown (July 24, 2011). "Anders Breivik is not Christian but anti-Islam". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/andrewbrown/2011/jul/24/norway-anders-behring-breivik-beliefs/print.  Seumas Milne (July 28, 2011). "In his rage against Muslims, Norway's killer was no loner". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/28/rage-muslims-no-loner-breivik/print.  Abel Mestre; Caroline Monnot (July 26, 2011). "L'inspiration des extrémistes post-11-Septembre" (in fr). Le Monde. http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/07/26/l-inspiration-des-extremistes-post-11-septembre_1552858_3214.html.  Jostein Gaarder; Thomas Hylland Eriksen (July 28, 2011). "A Blogosphere of Bigots". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/opinion/Gaarder-Eriksen.html.  Malise Ruthven (August 9, 2011). "The New European Far-Right". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/aug/09/new-european-far-right. 
  60. "Psykiater om Breivik: – Så komplisert at vi først i historiens lys kan få svar" (in no). Tv2.no. July 28, 2011. http://www.tv2.no/nyheter/innenriks/psykiater-om-breivik-saa-komplisert-at-vi-foerst-i-historiens-lys-kan-faa-svar-3547076.html. 
  61. Smilende Breivik fornøyd med dommen , nettavisen.no, 24.08.12 http://www.nettavisen.no/nyheter/article3458481.ece
  62. Daniel Vergara (10 January 2014). "Breivik vill deportera "illojala judar" [Breivik wants to deport "disloyal Jews""] (in sv). Expo. http://expo.se/2014/breivik-vill-deportera-illojala-judar_6336.html. 
  63. "Mass killer Breivik says wants to create fascist party". Reuters. Sep 5, 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-breivik-idUSKBN0H01NG20140905
  64. Arun Kundnani (June 2012). "Blind Spot? Security Narratives and Far-Right Violence in Europe". International Centre for Counter-terrorism. http://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Kundnani-Blind-Spot-June-2012.pdf. 
  65. For instance in: Ye'or, Bat (2005). Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis. New Jersey, USA: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0838640777. https://archive.org/details/eurabiaeuroaraba00yeor.  Peder Are Nøstvold Jensen (2008). Defeating Eurabia. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781409247159. 
  66. "The 'Eurabia' myth deserves a debunking" (in en). The Globe and Mail. September 20, 2008. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-eurabia-myth-deserves-a-debunking/article20387697/. 
  67. "Dispelling the Myth of Eurabia" (in en). Newsweek. July 10, 2009. https://www.newsweek.com/dispelling-myth-eurabia-81943. 
  68. "Apocalypse now". New Statesman. 12 March 2007. http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2007/03/steyn-european-america-muslim. 
  69. "anti-Islam groups received more than $119 million in funding between 2008 and 2011." Furthermore, the report asserts that many of these prolific anti-Islam groups are "tightly linked" and some of the "top players" receive huge paychecks. The founder of Jihad Watch, Robert Spencer, a renowned anti-Islam scholar, is said to have received a salary of more than $150,000, while the organization's revenues in the year 2012 were over $200,000. In an investigative paper published in 2011 and titled "Fear Inc.," the Center of American Progress (CAP) reveals a detailed list of donors that help support think tanks that perpetrate misinformation about Muslims and Islam. One such think tank is the Middle East Forum (MEF), led by academic and scholar Daniel Pipes. In 2009, the MEF is said to have received funding of nearly $6 million. Pipes and his anti-Muslim hyperbole are well known."[2]
  70. "Leading Islamophobic figures like Pamela Geller, lawyer David Yerushalmi, Daniel Pipes of the Middle East Forum, commentator Steven Emerson, Robert Spencer and Frank Gaffney play a major role in the anti-Islamic lobby " [3]
  71. Carr, Matt (1 July 2006). "You are now entering Eurabia". Race & Class (SAGE) 48 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1177/0306396806066636. http://www.mywf.org.uk/uploads/projects/borderlines/Archive/2007/Carr_on_Eurabia_R&C.pdf. Retrieved 5 February 2021. 
  72. Bergmann, Eirikur (21 August 2018). "The Eurabia Doctrine" (in en). Conspiracy & Populism: The Politics of Misinformation. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 144. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90359-0_6. ISBN 978-3-319-90359-0. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-90359-0_6. Retrieved 5 February 2021. 
  73. see for instance: Daniel Pipes (October 10, 2004). "Europeans fleeing Eurabia". danielpipes.org. http://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2004/10/europeans-fleeing-eurabia.  Daniel Pipes (March 1, 2007). "Eurabian Nights". The National Interest. http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/eurabian-nights-1474.  Daniel Pipes (April 15, 2008). "Europe or Eurabia?". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/europe-or-eurabia/story-fna7dq6e-1111116061264. 
  74. Sandra E. Weissinger; Dwayne A. Mack (2017). "6". Law Enforcement in the Age of Black Lives Matter: Policing Black and Brown Bodies (Critical Perspectives on Race, Crime, and Justice). Lexington Books. p. 120. ISBN 9781498553599. 
  75. "Fox News' long history of race-baiting". 27 July 2010. https://www.mediamatters.org/research/2010/07/27/fox-news-long-history-of-race-baiting/168312. 
  76. Max Blumenthal (January 5, 2012). "Santorum warns of 'Eurabia,' issues call to 'evangelize and eradicate' Muslims". Al-Akhbar English. http://english.al-akhbar.com/blogs/gadfly/santorum-warns-eurabia-issues-call-evangelize-and-eradicate-muslims. 
  77. Bruce Thornton (March 26, 2005). "The Civilization of Dhimmitude - A review of Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, by Bat Ye'or". Victor Davis Hanson on the web. http://www.victorhanson.com/articles/thornton032605.html. 
  78. "Bannon film outline warned U.S. could turn into 'Islamic States of America'". The Washington Post. February 2, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/bannon-film-outline-warned-us-could-turn-into-islamic-states-of-america/2017/02/03/f73832f4-e8be-11e6-b82f-687d6e6a3e7c_story.html. 
  79. "Tales from Eurabia". The Economist. June 22, 2006. http://www.economist.com/node/7086222. "Integration will be hard work for all concerned. But for the moment at least, the prospect of Eurabia looks like scaremongering." 
  80. David Aaronovitch (2005-11-15). "It's the latest disease: sensible people saying ridiculous things about Islam". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/david_aaronovitch/article590235.ece. 
  81. Peters, Ralph (2007). Wars of Blood and Faith: The Conflicts That Will Shape the Twenty-First Century. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. pp. 332–334. ISBN 9781461752073. https://books.google.com/books?id=CPa3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA334. Retrieved September 18, 2018. 
  82. "THE 'EURABIA' MYTH; MUSLIMS TAKE OVER EUROPE? SORRY, THERE'S NO CHANCE". 26 November 2006. https://nypost.com/2006/11/26/the-eurabia-myth-muslims-take-over-europe-sorry-theres-no-chance/. 
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