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References

1. Javier Garcia-Bernardo; Jan Fichtner; Frank W. Takes; Eelke M. Heemskerk (24 July 2017). "Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers: Conduits and Sinks in the Global Corporate Ownership Network". Scientific Reports 7 (6246): 6246. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06322-9. PMID 28740120. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...7.6246G.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5524793
2. "Banks in Tax Havens: First Evidence based on Country–by–Country Reporting". EU Commission. July 2017. p. 50. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/dp_055_en.pdf. "Figure D: Tax Haven Literature Review: A Typology" 
3. James R. Hines Jr. (2010). "Treasure Islands". Journal of Economic Perspectives 4 (24): 103–125. https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.ie/&httpsredir=1&article=1716&context=articles. "Table 1: 52 Tax Havens". 
4. James R. Hines Jr. (2007). "Tax Havens". University of Michigan. http://www.bus.umich.edu/otpr/WP2007-3.pdf. "There are roughly 45 major tax havens in the world today. Examples include Andorra, Ireland, Luxembourg and Monaco in Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, and the Cayman Islands, the Netherlands Antilles, and Panama in the Americas." 
5. James R. Hines Jr.; Eric M. Rice (February 1994). "FISCAL PARADISE: FOREIGN TAX HAVENS AND AMERICAN BUSINESS". Quarterly Journal of Economics (Harvard/MIT) 9 (1). http://taxdoctoralseminar.web.unc.edu/files/2016/02/Hines-Rice.pdf. Retrieved 15 August 2018. "We identify 41 countries and regions as tax havens for the purposes of U. S. businesses. Together the seven tax havens with populations greater than one million (Hong Kong, Ireland, Liberia, Lebanon, Panama, Singapore, and Switzerland) account for 80 percent of total tax haven population and 89 percent of tax haven GDP.". 
6. Dhammika Dharmapala; James R. Hines Jr. (2009). "Which countries become tax havens?". Journal of Public Economics 93 (9–10): 1058–1068. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.07.005. http://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco6375/papers/dharmapala%20hines.pdf. Retrieved 15 August 2018. 
7. "The Missing Profits of Nations". National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Papers. June 2018. p. 31. http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/. "Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens" 
8. Richard Rubin (10 June 2018). "Zucman:Corporations Push Profits into Corporate Tax Havens as Countries Struggle in Pursuit, Gabrial Zucman Study Says". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/corporations-push-profits-into-tax-havens-as-countries-struggle-in-pursuit-study-says-1528634659. "The new research draws on data from countries such as Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands that hadn't previously been collected." 
9. Mark Paul (13 June 2018). "Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401. "Study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean" 
10. "Towards Global Tax Co-operation". OECD. April 2000. p. 17. http://www.oecd.org/ctp/harmful/2090192.pdf. "TAX HAVENS: 1.Andorra 2.Anguilla 3.Antigua and Barbuda 4.Aruba 5.Bahamas 6.Bahrain 7.Barbados 8.Belize 9.British Virgin Islands 10.Cook Islands 11.Dominica 12.Gibraltar 13.Grenada 14.Guernsey 15.Isle of Man 16.Jersey 17.Liberia 18.Liechtenstein 19.Maldives 20.Marshall Islands 21.Monaco 22.Montserrat 23.Nauru 24.Net Antilles 25.Niue 26.Panama 27.Samoa 28.Seychelles 29.St. Lucia 30.St. Kitts & Nevis 31.St. Vincent and the Grenadines 32.Tonga 33.Turks & Caicos 34.U.S. Virgin Islands 35.Vanuatu" 
11. Vanessa Houlder (September 2017). "Trinidad & Tobago left as the last blacklisted tax haven". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/94d84054-5bf0-11e7-b553-e2df1b0c3220. "Alex Cobham of the Tax Justice Network said: It's disheartening to see the OECD fall back into the old pattern of creating 'tax haven' blacklists on the basis of criteria that are so weak as to be near enough meaningless, and then declaring success when the list is empty"." 
12. "Offshore Financial Centers: IMF Background Paper". International Monetary Fund. 23 June 2000. https://www.imf.org/external/np/mae/oshore/2000/eng/back.htm. 
13. Ahmed Zoromé (1 April 2007). Concept of Offshore Financial Centers: In Search of an Operational Definition. International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2007/wp0787.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019. "IMF Working Paper 07/87". 
14. Damgaard, Jannick; Elkjaer, Thomas; Johannesen, Niels (June 2018). "Piercing the Veil of Tax Havens". International Monetary Fund: Finance & Development Quarterly 55 (2). http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2018/06/inside-the-world-of-global-tax-havens-and-offshore-banking/damgaard.htm. Retrieved 27 April 2019. "The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world's investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.". 
15. Gabriel Zucman (August 2013). "The Missing Wealth of Nations: Are Europe and The U.S. Net Debtors or Net Creditors?". The Quarterly Journal of Economics 128 (3): 1321–1364. doi:10.1093/qje/qjt012. https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/course/zucman11.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019. "'Tax havens are low-tax jurisdictions that offer businesses and individuals opportunities for tax avoidance' (Hines, 2008). In this paper, I will use the expression 'tax haven' and 'offshore financial center' interchangeably (the list of tax havens considered by Dharmapala and Hines (2009) is identical to the list of offshore financial centers considered by the Financial Stability Forum (IMF, 2000), barring minor exceptions)". 
16. "Tax Battles: the dangerous global race to the bottom on corporate tax". Oxfam. December 2016. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/tax-battles-dangerous-global-race-bottom-corporate-tax. 
17. "TAX BATTLES The dangerous global Race to the Bottom on Corporate Tax". Oxfam. December 2016. https://d1tn3vj7xz9fdh.cloudfront.net/s3fs-public/bp-race-to-bottom-corporate-tax-121216-en.pdf. 
18. "Offshore Shell Games 2017". Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy. 2017. https://itep.org/wp-content/uploads/offshoreshellgames2017.pdf. "Amount of Tax Haven Connections (Figure 1, Page 11), Amount of Tax Haven Profits (Figure 4, Page 16)" 
19. Daniel Boffey (5 December 2017). "EU blacklist names 17 tax havens and puts Caymans and Jersey on notice". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/dec/05/eu-blacklist-names-17-tax-havens-and-puts-caymans-and-jersey-on-notice. 
20. Juliette Garside (2 December 2017). "From paradise to blacklist: EU's net starts to close on tax havens". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/02/paradise-to-blacklist-eu-tax-havens. 
21. Ken Silva (1 August 2017). "New study offers more nuanced look at offshore finance". Cayman Compass. https://www.caymancompass.com/2017/08/01/new-study-offers-more-nuanced-look-at-offshore-finance/. "When offshore financial centers receive criticism for being "tax havens", they often counter by pointing to larger countries in Europe and elsewhere that practice many of the same policies decried by the international community. A new study compiled by researchers at the University of Amsterdam buttresses that counter-argument, naming the U.K., Ireland, the Netherlands and other developed countries as places that facilitate tax avoidance" 
22. Suzanne Kelly (2 October 2017). "There is a definition of a tax haven - and Ireland doesn't make that grade". Irish Independent. https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/there-is-a-definition-of-a-tax-haven-and-ireland-doesnt-make-that-grade-35095264.html. 
23. Hugh O'Connell (23 July 2013). "OECD tax chief: 'Ireland is not a tax haven'". TheJournal.ie. http://www.thejournal.ie/oced-ireland-tax-haven-1005122-Jul2013/. 
24. Caterina Tani (14 December 2017). "EU countries are not 'tax havens', parliament says". EUobserver. https://euobserver.com/economic/140279. 
25. Jane Paters (6 December 2017). "EU RELEASES TAX HAVEN BLACKLIST; NETHERLANDS NOT ON IT". NL Times. https://nltimes.nl/2017/12/06/eu-releases-tax-haven-blacklist-netherlands. 
26. "Ireland named world's 6th worst corporate tax haven". TheJournal.ie. 12 December 2016. http://www.thejournal.ie/oxfam-tax-haven-3133714-Dec2016/. 
27. "Now Brazil puts Ireland on its tax haven blacklist". Tax Justice Network. 17 September 2016. https://www.taxjustice.net/2016/09/15/now-brazil-says-ireland-tax-haven/. 
28. "Oxfam says Ireland is a tax haven judged by EU criteria". The Irish Times. 28 November 2017. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/oxfam-says-ireland-is-a-tax-haven-judged-by-eu-criteria-1.3307370?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Foxfam-says-ireland-is-a-tax-haven-judged-by-eu-criteria-1.3307370. 
29. "MANTRAS AND MYTHS: A true picture of the corporate tax system in Ireland". RTE News. February 2017. https://www.oxfamireland.org/sites/default/files/upload/pdfs/mantras-myths-final.pdf. 
30. "Offshore Financial Centers and the Five Largest Value Conduits in the World". CORPNET. 24 July 2017. https://corpnet.uva.nl/ofc/. 
31. "What is an OFC Conduit and Sinks". CORPNET. 2017. https://www.ofcmeter.org/. 
32. Daniel Boffey (25 July 2017). "Netherlands and UK are biggest channels for corporate tax avoidance". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/25/netherlands-and-uk-are-biggest-channels-for-corporate-tax-avoidance. "Almost 40% of corporate investments channelled away from authorities and into tax havens travel through the UK or the Netherlands, according to a study of the ownership structures of 98m firms." 
33. Mark Buchanan (11 April 2017). "Tax Havens Can Be Surprisingly Close to Home". Bloomberg View. https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-04-11/tax-havens-can-be-surprisingly-close-to-home. "The U.K., the Netherlands and Switzerland play bigger roles than they might have realized." 
34. Hugo Millar (31 July 2017). "Is the U.K. Already the Kind of Tax Haven It Claims It Won't Be?". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-31/is-the-u-k-already-the-kind-of-tax-haven-it-claims-it-won-t-be. "The U.K. is the second biggest offshore financial centre for the 'conduit' of money to small 'sink' tax havens like the British Virgin Islands or Cayman Islands, researchers at University of Amsterdam have concluded in a report publisher in Nature." 
35. "Sinks and Conduits: Identifying Offshore Financial Centres by using Big Data". The IFC Review. 1 March 2018. http://www.ifcreview.com/restricted.aspx?articleId=12682. 
36. Alistair King (22 August 2017). "How researchers have used Orbis to uncover offshore financial centres". Moodys BUREAU VAN DIJK. https://www.bvdinfo.com/en-us/blog/transfer-pricing/nature-paper-uses-orbis-for-new-data-driven-approach-to-identify-offshore-financial-centres. 
37. Naomi Fowler (25 July 2017). "New research on key role major economies play in global tax avoidance". Tax Justice Network. https://www.taxjustice.net/2017/07/25/new-research-key-role-major-economies-play-global-tax-avoidance/. 
38. Professor Eelke Heemskerk (7 November 2017). "These five countries are conduits for the world's biggest tax havens". The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/these-five-countries-are-conduits-for-the-worlds-biggest-tax-havens-79555. 
39. Jan Fichtner (2015). The Offshore–Intensity Ratio Identifying the Strongest Magnets for Foreign Capital. City, University of London. https://www.city.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/287138/CITYPERC-WPS-201502.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2019. 
40. "How Apple and Other Multinationals Avoid Taxes and Accountability: A Network Study of Offshore Finance". CORPNET. 27 September 2016. https://corpnet.uva.nl/apple-multinationals-avoid-taxes-accountability-network-study-offshore-finance/. 
41. "PANA Committee on Money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion". EU Parliament. 2018. http://www.eppgroup.eu/PANA. 
42. Professor Brigitte Unger (March 2017). "Offshore activities and money laundering: recent findings and challenges". European Parliament. pp. 39–42. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/115250/PANA%202016-04%20ST%20Offshore%20activities%20Final.pdf. "Section 7.1. Offshore Centers are a European problem: [..] Against the idea of OFCs as exotic Caribbean islands, the authors show that many OFCs are highly developed countries." 
43. Aidan Regan (25 April 2019). "Ireland is a tax haven – and that's becoming controversial at home". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/25/ireland-is-tax-haven-thats-becoming-controversial-home/?noredirect=on. "As the recent research of Gabriel Zucman and the CORPNET research team at the University of Amsterdam shows, Ireland is a "conduit tax haven", acting as a tax-avoiding funnel between nation-states and enabling the transfer of capital without taxation" 
44. "U.S. Chamber International IP Index, 6th Edition, 2018". Global Intellectual Property Center. February 2018. p. 6. https://www.theglobalipcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/GIPC_IP_Index_2018.pdf. 
45. "These Five Countries Are Conduits for the World's Biggest Tax Havens". HuffPost. 24 July 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/these-five-countries-are-conduits-for-the-worlds-biggest_us_5975f0aee4b0f1feb89b4500. 
46. Editorial (10 November 2017). "Stranger than paradise: the truth about tax". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b83e697a-c625-11e7-b2bb-322b2cb39656. 
47. United States Chamber of Commerce (February 2018). "GIPC IP Index 2018". p. 6. http://www.theglobalipcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/GIPC_IP_Index_2018.pdf. "Figure I: U.S. Chamber International IP Index 2018, Overall Scores" 
48. "The Corporate Tax Avoidance Toolbox". B&R Beurs. 2018. https://www.bnrbeurs.nl/2017/02/22/the-corporate-tax-avoidance-toolbox/. 
49. Andrew Blair-Stanek (2015). "Intellectual Property Law Solutions to Tax Avoidance". UCLA Law Review 62 (2): 4. https://www.uclalawreview.org/pdf/62-1-1.pdf. Retrieved 28 September 2018. "Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax avoidance vehicle in the world today.". 
50. Ted Mulvany (30 August 2016). "Intellectual Property and Tax Avoidance in Ireland". Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal. http://www.fordhamiplj.org/2016/08/30/ip-tax-avoidance-ireland/. 
51. Jesse Drucker; Simon Bowers (6 November 2017). "After a Tax Crackdown, Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/world/apple-taxes-jersey.html. 
52. Nicholas Shaxson (9 January 2011). "Explainer: what is a tax haven? The most important feature of a secrecy jurisdiction is that local politics is captured by financial services interests". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/jan/09/explainer-what-is-tax-haven. "This political capture produces one of the great offshore paradoxes: these zones of ultra-freedom are often highly repressive places, wary of scrutiny and intolerant of criticism." 
53. Nicholas Shaxson (November 2015). "Captured States". Tax Justice Network. https://www.taxjustice.net/tag/captured-state/. 
54. Jason Sharman (2006). "The Struggle for Global Tax Regulation". Havens in a Storm: The Struggle for Global Tax Regulation. Cornell University Press. pp. 224. ISBN 9780801445040. 
55. George Turner (November 2017). "The Professionals: Dealing with the enablers of tax avoidance and financial crime". Tax Justice Network. https://www.taxjustice.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/The-Enablers-of-Tax-Avoidance-TJN-Briefing.pdf. 
56. Ronen Palan; Richard Murphy; Christian Chavagneux (2009). Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7612-9. 
57. Nicholas Shaxson (2011). Treasure Islands: Uncovering the Damage of Offshore Banking and Tax Havens. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10501-0. 
58. "Highly developed countries canalise almost 50% of equity flows to tax havens". CORPNET. 24 July 2017. http://www.uva.nl/en/content/news/press-releases/2017/07/highly-developed-countries-canalise-almost-50-of-equity-flows-to-tax-havens.html. 
59. "Ireland:Selected Issues". International Monetary Fund. June 2018. p. 20. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2018/06/28/Ireland-Selected-Issues-46027. "Figure 3. Foreign Direct Investment - Over half of Irish outbound FDI is routed to Luxembourg" 
60. "Financial Secrecy Index 2018:IRELAND". Tax Justice Network. February 2018. http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/PDF/Ireland.pdf. 
61. "The real story behind US companies' offshore cash reserves". McKinsey & Company. June 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-real-story-behind-us-companies-off-shore-cash-reserves. 
62. Jill Treanor (20 May 2016). "US corporate giants hoarding more than a trillion dollars". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/may/20/us-corporate-giants-hoarding-over-a-trillion-dollars-apple-microsoft-google. "Moody's report says 72% of the money held by Apple, Google and other American companies is being parked offshore for tax reasons" 
63. Jan Fichtner (November 2017). "The Cayman conundrum: why is one tiny archipelago the largest financial centre in Latin America and the Caribbean?". London School of Economics. http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2017/11/02/the-cayman-conundrum-why-is-one-tiny-archipelago-the-largest-financial-centre-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/. "In a recent research paper, the CORPNET project analysed how millions of multinational corporations structure their global ownership chains. We found that Cayman acts as a 'sink' offshore financial centre that attracts and 'retains' foreign capital and/or where data trails often end. Large multinational agriculture commodity companies such as Bunge or Cargill that are active in the Amazon basin (e.g. in soy production) use the Cayman Islands in their global corporate ownership chains, thus most likely undermining the sustainability of a key global environmental commons" 
64. "Scientists have found a way of showing how Malta is a global top ten tax haven". Malta Today. 31 July 2017. https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/79320/scientists_find_name_for_maltas_tax_haven_rep_#.WsIY14jwZPY. 
65. "Malta is a Tax Haven, major new study". Times of Malta. 29 July 2017. https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20170729/local/malta-is-main-eu-tax-haven-study.654369. 
66. "Malta is a target for Italian mafia, Russia loan sharks, damning probe says". Times of Malta. 20 May 2017. https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20170520/local/malta-is-a-target-for-italian-mafia-russia-loan-sharks-damning-report.648474. 
67. Jamie Doward (3 November 2013). "Deloitte promotes Mauritius as tax haven to avoid big payouts to poor African nations". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/nov/03/deloittes-tax-savings-investments-in-poor-countries. 
68. Jesse Drucker (28 October 2013). "Man Making Ireland Tax Avoidance Hub Proves Local Hero". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-28/man-making-ireland-tax-avoidance-hub-globally-proves-local-hero. 
69. Editorial (3 November 2013). "Controversial tax strategies brainchild of O'Rourke's son". Irish Independent. https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/controversial-tax-strategies-brainchild-of-orourkes-son-29721835.html. 
70. Fiona Redden (8 May 2015). "Scion of a prominent political dynasty who gave his vote to accountancy". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/scion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ffinancial-services%2Fscion-of-a-prominent-political-dynasty-who-gave-his-vote-to-accountancy-1.2203820. 
71. Alex Cobham (11 September 2017). "New UN tax handbook: Lower–income countries vs OECD BEPS failure". Tax Justice Network. https://www.taxjustice.net/2017/09/11/new-un-tax-handbook-sets-lower-income-countries-oecd-beps/. 
72. Colm Kelpie (23 October 2014). "OECD gives cautious welcome to Irish Knowledge Box tax scheme". Irish Independent. https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/oecd-gives-cautious-welcome-to-knowledge-box-tax-scheme-30685281.html. 
73. "Financial Secrecy Index 2018". Tax Justice Network. 2018. https://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/introduction/fsi-2018-results. 
74. "Report on the Isle of Man". Tax Justice Network. 2017. http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/PDF/IsleofMan.pdf. 
75. "We're no tax haven study concludes". IOM Today. 1 August 2017. http://www.iomtoday.co.im/article.cfm?id=35167&headline=We%27re%20no%20tax%20haven%20study%20concludes§ionIs=news&searchyear=2017. 
76. "Isle of man 'closely mirrors' UK rules, says Chief Minister". The Daily Telegraph Business Reporter. 7 November 2017. https://business-reporter.co.uk/2017/11/07/isle-man-closely-mirrors-uk-rules-says-chief-minister/?getcat=2934. 
77. "Response to Howard Quayle, Chief Minister of Isle of Man". CORPNET. 8 November 2017. https://corpnet.uva.nl/response-to-howard-quayle-chief-minister-of-isle-of-man/. 
78. Richard Murphy (2 August 2017). "The Isle of Man is failing at being a tax haven". Tax Research UK. http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2017/08/02/the-isle-of-man-is-failing-at-being-a-tax-haven/. "You could almost say that the Isle of Man did not feature in this new study [Conduit and Sinks] simply because it's not a very successful tax haven anymore." 
79. Jacques Leslie (15 June 2014). "The True Cost of Hidden Money". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/16/opinion/a-piketty-proteges-theory-on-tax-havens.html. 
80. Gabriel Zucman (August 2014). "Taxing across Borders: Tracking Personal Wealth and Corporate Profits". Journal of Economic Perspectives 28 (4): 121–48. doi:10.1257/jep.28.4.121. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/66119/1/Zucman_Taxing%20across%20Borders.pdf. 
81. Gabriel Zucman (8 November 2017). "The desperate inequality behind global tax dodging". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/08/tax-havens-dodging-theft-multinationals-avoiding-tax. "The equivalent of 10% of global GDP is held offshore by rich individuals in the form of bank deposits, equities, bonds and mutual fund shares, most of the time in the name of faceless shell corporations, foundations and trusts." 
82. Gabriel Zucman (April 2018). "The Missing Profits of Nations". National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Papers. pp. 11–15. http://gabriel-zucman.eu/files/TWZ2018Slides.pdf. "Slide 11: Issues with previous literature on global profit shifting"