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HandWiki. School Belonging. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34421 (accessed on 14 September 2026).
HandWiki. School Belonging. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34421. Accessed September 14, 2026.
HandWiki. "School Belonging" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34421 (accessed September 14, 2026).
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HandWiki. "School Belonging." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 November, 2022.
School Belonging
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:School_belonging

The most commonly used definition of school belonging comes from a 1993 academic article by researchers Carol Goodenow and Kathleen Grady, who describe school belonging as "the extent to which students feel personally accepted, respected, included, and supported by others in the school social environment." The construct of school belonging involves feeling connected with and attached to one's school. It also encompasses involvement and affiliation with one's school community. Conversely, students who do not feel a strong sense of belonging within their school environment are frequently described as being alienated or disaffected. There are a number of terms within educational research that are used interchangeably with school belonging, including school connectedness, school attachment, and school engagement. School belonging is determined by a myriad of factors, including academic achievement and motivation, personal characteristics, social relationships, demographic characteristics, school climate, and participation in extracurricular activities. Research indicates that school belonging has significant implications for students, as it has been consistently linked with academic outcomes, psychological adjustment, well-being, identity formation, mental health, and physical health—it is considered a fundamental aspect of students' development. A sense of belonging to one's school is considered particularly important for adolescents because they are within a period of transition and identity formation, and research has found that school belonging significantly declines during this period. Psychological Sense of School Membership (PSSM), developed in 1993, is one of the measures to ascertain the degree to which students feel a sense of school belonging. Students rate the extent to which they agree or disagree with statements, such as "People here notice when I'm good at something." In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention held an international convention where the Wingspread Declaration on School Connections was developed as a group of tactics to increase students' sense of belonging and connection with their school.

school belonging well-being school environment

References

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  2. Neel, Cari Gillen-O'; Fuligni, Andrew (2013). "A Longitudinal Study of School Belonging and Academic Motivation Across High School" (in en). Child Development 84 (2): 678–692. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01862.x. ISSN 1467-8624. PMID 23002809. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8473ee5383845c91da4c55ad4e585c1f8d21cba9. 
  3. "PISA 2018: Combined Executive Summary Report Report". Secretary-General of the OECD. 2019. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/acd78851-en.pdf?expires=1590450065&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=3799A3BE894A075BD31E1116F663BA30. 
  4. Allen, Kelly-Ann; Kern, Margaret L. (2017) (in en). School Belonging in Adolescents: Theory, Research and Practice. SpringerBriefs in Psychology. Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5996-4. ISBN 978-981-10-5995-7. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/86b717dbc82c14a46ada045dd1688ff9fea8b96c. 
  5. Newman, Barbara M.; Newman, Philip R.; Griffen, Sarah; O'Connor, Kerry; Spas, Jayson (2007). "The relationship of social support to depressive symptoms during the transition to high school". Adolescence 42 (167): 441–459. ISSN 0001-8449. PMID 18047232.  http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-8449
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  7. Allen, Kelly; Kern, Margaret L.; Vella-Brodrick, Dianne; Hattie, John; Waters, Lea (2018). "What Schools Need to Know About Fostering School Belonging: a Meta-analysis" (in en). Educational Psychology Review 30 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1007/s10648-016-9389-8. ISSN 1040-726X.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10648-016-9389-8
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  10. Goodenow, Carol; Grady, Kathleen E. (1993). "The Relationship of School Belonging and Friends' Values to Academic Motivation Among Urban Adolescent Students" (in en). The Journal of Experimental Education 62 (1): 60–71. doi:10.1080/00220973.1993.9943831. ISSN 0022-0973.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00220973.1993.9943831
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  14. Osterman, Karen F. (2000). "Students' Need for Belonging in the School Community" (in en-US). Review of Educational Research 70 (3): 323–367. doi:10.3102/00346543070003323. ISSN 0034-6543.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3102%2F00346543070003323
  15. St-Amand, Jerome; Girard, Stephanie; Smith, Jonathan (2017). "Sense of Belonging at School: Defining Attributes, Determinants, and Sustaining Strategies" (in en-GB). IAFOR Journal of Education 5 (2). doi:10.22492/ije.5.2.05. ISSN 2187-0594.  https://dx.doi.org/10.22492%2Fije.5.2.05
  16. Pittman, Laura D.; Richmond, Adeya (2007). "Academic and Psychological Functioning in Late Adolescence: The Importance of School Belonging". The Journal of Experimental Education 75 (4): 270–290. doi:10.3200/JEXE.75.4.270-292. ISSN 0022-0973.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3200%2FJEXE.75.4.270-292
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  19. Allen, Kelly-Ann; Vella-Brodrick, Dianne; Waters, Lea (2016). "Fostering School Belonging in Secondary Schools Using a Socio-Ecological Framework" (in en). The Educational and Developmental Psychologist 33 (1): 97–121. doi:10.1017/edp.2016.5. ISSN 2059-0776.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fedp.2016.5
  20. Loukas, Alexandra (2007). "What is School Climate?". National Association of Elementary School Principals 5 (1): 1–3. https://www.naesp.org/resources/2/Leadership_Compass/2007/LC2007v5n1a4.pdf.. 
  21. Knifsend, Casey A.; Graham, Sandra (2012). "Too Much of a Good Thing? How Breadth of Extracurricular Participation Relates to School-Related Affect and Academic Outcomes During Adolescence" (in en). Journal of Youth and Adolescence 41 (3): 379–389. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9737-4. ISSN 0047-2891. PMID 22160442.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10964-011-9737-4
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  36. "School Connectedness: Strategies for Increasing Protective Factors Among Youth". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/protective/pdf/connectedness.pdf. 
  37. Allen, K. A.; Vella-Brodrick, D.; Waters, L. (2017). "School belonging and the role of social and emotional competencies in fostering an adolescent's sense of connectedness to their school". Social and Emotional Learning in Australia and the Asia-Pacific: Perspectives, Programs and Approaches (Singapore, Singapore: Springer): 83. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3394-0_5. ISBN 978-981-10-3393-3. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811033933. 
  38. Allen, Kelly-Ann; Kern, Peggy (June 18, 2019) (in en). Boosting School Belonging: Practical Strategies to Help Adolescents Feel Like They Belong at School. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-351-39588-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=o06fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1. 
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