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Amnesty (from the Greek ἀμνηστία amnestia, "forgetfulness, passing over") is defined as: "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." It includes more than pardon, inasmuch as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense. Amnesty is more and more used to express "freedom" and the time when prisoners can go free. Amnesties, which in the United Kingdom may be granted by the crown or by an act of Parliament, were formerly usual on coronations and similar occasions, but are chiefly exercised towards associations of political criminals, and are sometimes granted absolutely, though more frequently there are certain specified exceptions. Thus, in the case of the earliest recorded amnesty, that of Thrasybulus at Athens, the thirty tyrants and a few others were expressly excluded from its operation; and the amnesty proclaimed on the restoration of Charles II of England did not extend to those who had taken part in the execution of his father. Other famous amnesties include: Napoleon's amnesty of March 13, 1815 from which thirteen eminent persons, including Talleyrand, were exempt; the Prussian amnesty of August 10, 1840; the general amnesty proclaimed by the emperor Franz Josef I of Austria in 1857; the general amnesty granted by President of the United States, Andrew Johnson, after the American Civil War (1861–April 9, 1865), in 1868, and the French amnesty of 1905. Amnesty in U.S. politics in 1872 meant restoring the right to vote and hold office to ex-Confederates, which was achieved by act of Congress. Those were true amnesties, pardoning past violations without changing the laws violated. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986—signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986—granted amnesty to about 3 million undocumented immigrants in the United States.
References
- "China sets gun amnesty deadline". BBC News. July 5, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5151002.stm. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
- "Pit bull amnesty convinces some owners to abide by ban". LJWorld.com. http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2006/aug/13/pit_bull_amnesty_convinces_some_owners_abide_ban/.
- "Online NewsHour: Remembering Vietnam: Carter's Pardon". https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/vietnam/vietnam_1-21-77.html. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- Pastor, M. (2010, January 12). The Economic Benefits of Immigration Authorization In California. Retrieved October 8, 2010, from USC Center for Study of Immigrant Integration: http://csii.usc.edu/economic_benefits.html
- Gonzales, R. G. (2010). Getting A Return on Investment: The California DREAM Act. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from University of California, Berkeley Law School : "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20110728073827/http://www.law.berkeley.edu/3267.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA471234&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf
- John Pike. "Amnesty Offer for Ugandan Rebel Kony Raises Controversy". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2006/08/mil-060801-voa20.htm.
- "Immigration Amnesty". http://www.usimmigrationsupport.org/amnesty.html.
- "Amnesty for illegal aliens". http://www.theamericanresistance.com/issues/amnesty.html.
- Schwarzenegger, A. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2010, from Government Press: http://gov.ca.gov/pdf/press/2007bills/SB%201%20Veto%20Message.pdf
- Rector, R. (2007, June 6). Amnesty Will Cost U.S. Taxpayers at Least $2.6 Trillion . Retrieved 11 November 2010, from The Heritage Foundation : http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2007/06/Amnesty-Will-Cost-US-Taxpayers-at-Least-26-Trillion
- M. Cherif Bassiouni. 1998. International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes, Law & Contemporary Problems, 59: 63-74
- Prosecutor v. Furundžija, Trial Chamber Judgment. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 2002, 121 International Law Reports 213 (2002)
- Special Court for Sierra Leone: Prosecutor v. Kallon and Kamara, Appeals Chamber: Decision on Challenge to Jurisdiction: Lome Accord Amnesty
- Antonio Cassesse. 2003. International Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press, pp315-316
- Francisco Gallinal (28 February 2009). "La ley de caducidad" (in es). El País. http://www.elpais.com.uy/09/02/28/predit_401629.asp. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- Amnesty By William Bourdon, Crimes of War Project, The Book http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/amnesty.html
- Legalization or Amnesty? : Immigrants' Rights : AFSC http://www.afsc.org/immigrants-rights/policy/legalization-amnesty.htm
