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HandWiki. Kilowatt Hour. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34369 (accessed on 16 September 2026).
HandWiki. Kilowatt Hour. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34369. Accessed September 16, 2026.
HandWiki. "Kilowatt Hour" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34369 (accessed September 16, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 14). Kilowatt Hour. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34369
HandWiki. "Kilowatt Hour." Encyclopedia. Web. 14 November, 2022.
Kilowatt Hour
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The kilowatt hour (symbol: kW⋅h, kW h, or kWh) is a unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules. If energy is transmitted or used at a constant rate (power) over a period of time, the total energy in kilowatt hours is equal to the power in kilowatts multiplied by the time in hours. The kilowatt hour is commonly used as a billing unit for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities.

total energy megajoules kilowatt

References

  1. Thompson, Ambler and Taylor, Barry N. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (Special publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 12. http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf
  2. "Half-high dots or spaces are used to express a derived unit formed from two or more other units by multiplication." Barry N. Taylor. (2001 ed.) The International System of Units. (Special publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 20. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf
  3. The International System of Units (SI) . (2006, 8th ed.) Paris: International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 130. http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf
  4. Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, U.S. Energy Information Administration, April 2018 https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_6_a
  5. "Understanding Electric Demand" , National Grid https://www.nationalgridus.com/niagaramohawk/non_html/eff_elec-demand.pdf
  6. IEC Electropedia, Entry 131-11-58 http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-58
  7. See for example: Wind Energy Reference Manual Part 2: Energy and Power Definitions Danish Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 9 January 2008; "Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)" BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 9 January 2008; "US Nuclear Power Industry" www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 9 January 2008; "Energy. A Beginners Guide: Making Sense of Units" Renew On Line (UK). The Open University. Retrieved 9 January 2008. http://www.windpower.org/en/stat/unitsene.htm
  8. ASTM SI10-10, IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric Practice, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, [www.astm.org] "The symbols for certain compound units of electrical power engineering are usually written without separation, thus: watthour (Wh), kilowatthour (kWh), voltampere (VA), and kilovoltampere (kVA)"
  9. "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2008. http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf. Retrieved 25 January 2017. "Reference [4: ISO 31-0] suggests that if a space is used to indicate units formed by multiplication, the space may be omitted if it does not cause confusion. This possibility is reflected in the common practice of using the symbol kWh rather than kW⋅h or kW h for the kilowatt hour. Nevertheless, this Guide takes the position that a half-high dot or a space should always be used to avoid possible confusion;" 
  10. Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System. (1997). (IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and ASTM. 15.
  11. Chicago Manual of Style. (14th ed., 1993) University of Chicago Press. 482.
  12. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) p.12 http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/documents/gruanmanuals/NIST/sp811.pdf
  13. "Electric Vehicles: Learn More About the New Label". US Department of energy. http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/label/learn-more-electric-label.shtml. Retrieved 10 August 2014. 
  14. "French nuclear plant reaches landmark". World Nuclear News. 2 November 2010. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C-French_reactor_reaches_generation_landmark-0211104.html. Retrieved 22 June 2018. "The six-unit Gravelines nuclear power plant near Dunkerque in northern France has become the first nuclear plant in the world to deliver 1000 billion kilowatt-hours (one petawatt-hour) of electricity." 
  15. "French nuclear reactor reaches 1 petawatt-hour generation landmark". https://www.power-eng.com/articles/2010/11/french-nuclear-reactor.html. 
  16. Useful data - Cambridge repository website repository.cam.ac.uk; see page 328. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/217849/327.370.pdf?sequence=17
  17. "The Board of Trade 1621-1970". Archived from the original on 2010. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100304150704/http://www.berr.gov.uk/aboutus/corporate/history/outlines/BT-1621-1970/page13919.html. 
  18. "Get enlightened about electricity". The Financial Express. December 20, 2004. http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/122151/. Retrieved 29 November 2009. 
  19. "BHEL manufactured units generate record power". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. July 24, 2008. http://www.hindu.com/holnus/006200807241521.htm. Retrieved 29 November 2009. 
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