Election Threshold

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The electoral threshold is the minimum share of the primary vote which a candidate or political party requires to achieve before they become entitled to any representation in a legislature. This limit can operate in various ways. For example, in party-list proportional representation systems, an election threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum percentage of votes (e.g., 5%), either nationally or in a particular electoral district, to obtain any seats in the legislature. In multi-member constituencies using preferential voting, besides the electoral threshold, to be awarded a seat, a candidate is also required to achieve a quota, either on the primary vote or after distribution of preferences, which depends on the number of members to be return from a constituency. The effect of an electoral threshold is to deny representation to small parties or to force them into coalitions, with the presumption of rendering the election system more stable by keeping out fringe parties. However, critics argue out that in the absence of a ranked ballot system, supporters of minor parties are effectively disenfranchised and denied the right of representation by someone of their choosing. Two boundaries can be defined: a threshold of representation is the minimum vote share that might yield a party a seat (under the most favorable circumstances for the party), while the threshold of exclusion is the maximum vote share that could be insufficient to yield a seat (under the least favorable circumstances). Lijphart suggested calculating the informal threshold as the mean of these.

political party multi-member threshold

References

Resolution 1547 (2007), para. 58 http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17531&lang=en
Turkish Daily News, 31 January 2007, European court rules election threshold not violation http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/european-court-rules-election-threshold-not-violation.aspx?pageID=438&n=european-court-rules-election-threshold-not-violation-2007-01-31
Turkish Daily News, 24 July 2007, Here come the independents http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/here-come-the-independents.aspx?pageID=438&n=here-come-the-independents-2007-07-24
The Electoral Code of the Republic of Albania, Artikel 162; vor der Wahl 2009 waren es bei völlig anderem Wahlsystem 2,5 % bzw. 4 % der gültigen Stimmen auf nationaler Ebene (nur für die Vergabe von Ausgleichssitzen; Direktmandate wurden ohne weitere Bedingungen an den stimmenstärksten Kandidaten zugeteilt) http://www.cec.org.al/2004/eng/legjislacion/kodizgjedhor/Electoral%20Code.pdf
"Folketingsvalgloven". https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=144959. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
Bille, Lars; Pedersen, Karina (2004). "Electoral Fortunes and Responses of the Social Democratic Party and Liberal Party in Denmark: Ups and Downs". in Mair, Peter; Müller, Wolfgang C.; Plasser, Fritz. Political parties and electoral change. SAGE Publications. p. 207. ISBN 0-7619-4719-1.
[1], Election to Altthingi Law, Act no. 24/2000, Article 108
"Election Profile". IFES. http://www.electionguide.org/election.php?ID=1653. Retrieved 2013-02-11.
Código Electoral Nacional, Article 160 http://infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/15000-19999/19442/texact.htm
Electoral system IPU http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2049_B.htm
Electoral system Inter-Parliamentary Union http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2369_B.htm
[2] Fourth amendment to the Law on Election of the National Parliament. Article 13.2
Timor Agora: PN APROVA BAREIRA ELEISAUN PARLAMENTAR 4%, 13. Februar 2017, abgerufen am 23. März 2017. http://timoragora.blogspot.de/2017/02/pn-aprova-bareira-eleisaun-parlamentar-4.html?spref=fb
http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/08/04/new-election-bill-new-hope-for-democracy.html
Electoral system IPU http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2223_B.htm
http://perureports.com/2016/03/31/perus-small-political-parties-scramble-survive/
http://www.law.go.kr/unSc.do?menuId=10&query=%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%81%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0%EB%B2%95
공직선거법 13조 5항(The fifth clause of Article 13 of the Public Official Election Act)
http://engweb.cec.gov.tw/files/11-1030-4422-1.php
"Report on Thresholds and other features of electoral systems which bar parties from access to Parliament (II)" (in en-GB). 2010. http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?ref=cdl-ad(2010)007&lang=EN.
"Report on Thresholds and other features of electoral systems which bar parties from access to Parliament". 2008. http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2008)037-e.
Постановление Конституционного Суда РФ от 17 ноября 1998 г. № 26-П — см. пкт. 8(in Russian) http://www.law.edu.ru/judicial/judicial.asp?judicialID=1161582&subID=100050463,100050486,100050488
Toker, Cem (2008). "Why Is Turkey Bogged Down?". Turkish Policy Quarterly. Turkish Policy. http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2008-01-turkey/CemToker.pdf. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
In 2004 the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe declared this threshold to be manifestly excessive and invited Turkey to lower it (Council of Europe Resolution 1380 (2004)). On 30 January 2007 the European Court of Human Rights ruled by five votes to two (and on 8 July 2008, its Grand Chamber by 13 votes to four) that the 10% threshold imposed in Turkey does not violate the right to free elections, guaranteed by the European Convention of Human Rights. It held, however, that this same threshold could violate the Convention if imposed in a different country. It was justified in the case of Turkey in order to stabilize the volatile political situation which has obtained in that country over recent decades. The case is Yumak and Sadak v. Turkey, no. 10226/03. See also B. Bowring Negating Pluralist Democracy: The European Court of Human Rights Forgets the Rights of the Electors // KHRP Legal Review 11 (2007) http://www.bbk.ac.uk/law/about/ft-academic/bowring/negatingpluralistdemocracy

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