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HandWiki. Control Rod. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34082 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. Control Rod. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34082. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "Control Rod" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34082 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 11). Control Rod. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34082
HandWiki. "Control Rod." Encyclopedia. Web. 11 November, 2022.
Control Rod
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Physics:Control_rod

Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the rate of fission of the nuclear fuel – uranium or plutonium. Their compositions include chemical elements such as boron, cadmium, silver, hafnium, or indium, that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves fissioning. These elements have different neutron capture cross sections for neutrons of various energies. Boiling water reactors (BWR), pressurized water reactors (PWR), and heavy-water reactors (HWR) operate with thermal neutrons, while breeder reactors operate with fast neutrons. Each reactor design can use different control rod materials based on the energy spectrum of its neutrons.

chemical elements nuclear fuel nuclear reactors

References

  1. ytterbium (n.gamma) data with Japanese or Russian database https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/sigma/
  2. limited to use only in research reactors due to increased swelling from helium and lithium due to neutron absorption of boron in the (n, alpha) reaction
  3. injected into D2O moderator of Advanced CANDU reactor
  4. Sairam K, Vishwanadh B, Sonber JK, et al. Competition between densification and microstructure development during spark plasma sintering of B4C–Eu2O3. J Am Ceram Soc. 2017;00:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15376
  5. "Boron Use and Control in PWRs and FHRs". 2012. http://fhr.nuc.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/12-007_Boron_Use_in_PWRs_and_FHRs.pdf. 
  6. Harvey M. Buck, Mark A. Cooper, Petr Cerny, Joel D. Grice, Frank C. Hawthorne: Xenotime-(Yb), YbPO4,a new mineral species from the Shatford Lake pegmatite group, southeastern Manitoba, Canada. In: Canadian Mineralogist. 1999, 37, S. 1303–1306 (Abstract in American Mineralogist, S. 1324; PDF http://www.minsocam.org/msa/ammin/TOC/Abstracts/2000_Abstracts/Sept00_Abstracts/Jambor_p1321_00.pdf
  7. A. V. Voloshin, Ya. A. Pakhomovsky, F. N. Tyusheva: Keiviite Yb2Si2O7, A new ytterbium silicate from amazonitic pegmatites of the Kola Peninsula. In: Mineralog. Zhurnal. 1983, 5-5, S. 94–99 (Abstract in American Mineralogist, S. 1191; PDF; 853 kB). http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM69/AM69_1190.pdf
  8. Bowsher, B. R.; Jenkins, R. A.; Nichols, A. L.; Rowe, N. A.; Simpson, J. a. H. (1986-01-01). Silver-indium-cadmium control rod behaviour during a severe reactor accident. UKAEA Atomic Energy Establishment. http://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:19051554. 
  9. "CONTROL MATERIALS". http://web.mit.edu/nrl/Training/Absorber/absorber.htm. 
  10. "Control Materials". Web.mit.edu. http://web.mit.edu/nrl/Training/Absorber/absorber.htm. 
  11. "Hafnium alloys as neutron absorbers". Free Patents Online. http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/5330589.html. 
  12. "Dysprosium (Z=66)". Everything-Science.com web forum. http://www.everything-science.com/sci/Forum/Itemid,82/topic,4866.0/prev_next,prev. 
  13. "Method for making neutron absorber material". Free Patents Online. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6669893.html. 
  14. "Infrarotabsorbierende Druckfarben - Dokument DE102008049595A1". Patent-de.com. 2008-09-30. http://www.patent-de.com/20100401/DE102008049595A1.html. 
  15. "Sigma Plots". Nndc.bnl.gov. https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/sigma/getPlot.jsp?evalid=15270&mf=3&mt=102&nsub=10. 
  16. "Sigma Periodic Table Browse". Nndc.bnl.gov. 2007-01-25. https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/sigma/. 
  17. "Enriched boric acid for pressurized water reactors". EaglePicher Corporation. http://www.epcorp.com/NR/rdonlyres/71174EA7-B374-4934-8596-B51D105C4F30/0/w_c_01.pdf. 
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