Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 5591 2022-11-11 01:41:45

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Avian Influenza. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34025 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Avian Influenza. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34025. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Avian Influenza" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34025 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 11). Avian Influenza. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/34025
HandWiki. "Avian Influenza." Encyclopedia. Web. 11 November, 2022.
Avian Influenza
Edit
The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Avian_influenza

Avian influenza, known informally as avian flu or bird flu, is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds.[note 1] The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Bird flu is similar to swine flu, dog flu, horse flu and human flu as an illness caused by strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. Out of the three types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C), influenza A virus is a zoonotic infection with a natural reservoir almost entirely in birds. Avian influenza, for most purposes, refers to the influenza A virus. Though influenza A is adapted to birds, it can also stably adapt and sustain person-to-person transmission. Recent influenza research into the genes of the Spanish flu virus shows it to have genes adapted from both human and avian strains. Pigs can also be infected with human, avian, and swine influenza viruses, allowing for mixtures of genes (reassortment) to create a new virus, which can cause an antigenic shift to a new influenza A virus subtype which most people have little to no immune protection against. Avian influenza strains are divided into two types based on their pathogenicity: high pathogenicity (HP) or low pathogenicity (LP). The most well-known HPAI strain, H5N1, was first isolated from a farmed goose in Guangdong Province, China in 1996, and also has low pathogenic strains found in North America. Companion birds in captivity are unlikely to contract the virus and there has been no report of a companion bird with avian influenza since 2003. Pigeons can contract avian strains, but rarely become ill and are incapable of transmitting the virus efficiently to humans or other animals. Between early 2013 and early 2017, 916 lab-confirmed human cases of H7N9 were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). On 9 January 2017, the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China reported to WHO 106 cases of H7N9 which occurred from late November through late December, including 35 deaths, 2 potential cases of human-to-human transmission, and 80 of these 106 persons stating that they have visited live poultry markets. The cases are reported from Jiangsu (52), Zhejiang (21), Anhui (14), Guangdong (14), Shanghai (2), Fujian (2) and Hunan (1). Similar sudden increases in the number of human cases of H7N9 have occurred in previous years during December and January.

avian influenza avian flu swine influenza

References

  1. Alexander, D. J.; Brown, I. H. (2009). "History of high pathogenic avian influenza". Rev. Sci. Tech. 28 (1): 19–38. doi:10.20506/rst.28.1.1856. PMID 19618616.  https://dx.doi.org/10.20506%2Frst.28.1.1856
  2. Alders, R.; Awuni, J. A.; Bagnol, B.; Farrell, P.; Haan, N. (2014). "Impact of avian influenza on village poultry production globally". EcoHealth 11 (1): 63–72. doi:10.1007/s10393-013-0867-x. PMID 24136383.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10393-013-0867-x
  3. "H5N1 avian influenza: Timeline of major events". World Health Organization. 13 December 2011. https://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/avian_influenza/H5N1_avian_influenza_update.pdf. 
  4. Tarendeau, Franck; Crepin, Thibaut; Guilligay, Delphine; Ruigrok, Rob W. H.; Cusack, Stephen; Hart, Darren J. (2008-08-29). "Host Determinant Residue Lysine 627 Lies on the Surface of a Discrete, Folded Domain of Influenza Virus Polymerase PB2 Subunit" (in en). PLOS Pathogens 4 (8): e1000136. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000136. ISSN 1553-7374. PMID 18769709.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2515345
  5. Hiromoto, Yasuaki (2000). "Evolutionary characterization of the six internal genes of H5N1 human influenza A virus". Journal of General Virology 81 (Pt 5): 1293–303. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-81-5-1293. PMID 10769072.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-81-5-1293
  6. He, CQ; Xie, ZX; Han, GZ; Dong, JB; Wang, D; Liu, JB; Ma, LY; Tang, XF et al. (2009). "Homologous recombination as an evolutionary force in the avian influenza A virus". Mol Biol Evol 26: 177–87. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn238. PMID 18931384.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsn238
  7. "Prevention and control of avian influenza in Singapore". Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 37 (6): 504–9. June 2008. PMID 18618063. http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/37VolNo6Jun2008/V37N6p504.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-15. 
  8. "China reports first human H10N8 avian flu death – CNN.com". CNN. 18 December 2013. http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/18/health/h10n8-death-china/index.html?hpt=he_c2. 
  9. "Avian Influenza". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2018-10-17. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/avianflu/. 
  10. Cox, N.; Kawaoka (1998). "22". in Mahy B. and Collier L.. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections. 1 Virology. Y. (9 ed.). Arnold. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-340-61470-9. 
  11. "Avian influenza". World Health Organization. March 2014.
  12. "Recommendations for Worker Protection and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to Reduce Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Viruses : Avian Influenza (Flu)". https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h5/worker-protection-ppe.htm. 
  13. Srikantiah, S (2008). "Mass culling for avian influenza: rational strategy or needless destruction?". Indian Journal of Medical Ethics 5 (2): 52–54. doi:10.20529/IJME.2008.020. PMID 18624150.  https://dx.doi.org/10.20529%2FIJME.2008.020
  14. Poovorawan, Yong; Pyungporn, Sunchai; Prachayangprecha, Slinporn; Makkoch, Jarika (July 2013). "Global alert to avian influenza virus infection: From H5N1 to H7N9". Pathogens and Global Health 107 (5): 217–223. doi:10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000103. ISSN 2047-7724. PMID 23916331. PMC 4001451. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4001451/. 
  15. Blanchard, Ben. "China says son likely infected father with bird flu." Reuters 10 Jan 2008. https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSPEK27288320080110
  16. World Health Organization. (2006). Avian influenza (" bird flu") – The Disease in Humans. Retrieved April 6, 2006. https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/#humans
  17. Kullman, Greg (May 2008). "Protecting Poultry Workers from Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)". NIOSH Alert: Publication No. 2008-128 (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2008128. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-128/. Retrieved December 18, 2008. 
  18. "Cumulative number of confirmed human cases for avian influenza A(H5N1) reported to WHO, 2003-2012". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20120810CumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf. 
  19. Tiensn, Thanawat (November 2005). "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Thailand, 2004.". Emerging Infectious Diseases 11 (11): 1661–1672. doi:10.3201/eid1111.050608. PMID 16318716.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3367332
  20. Lau, Mimi (2017-02-17). "Mutation of H7N9 bird flu strain found in Guangdong patients: Samples taken from patients show genetic change but no sign of higher risk to humans". http://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2072454/mutation-h7n9-bird-flu-strain-found-guangdong-patients. 
  21. Herfst, Sander; Schrauwen, Eefje J. A.; Linster, Martin; Chutinimitkul, Salin; Wit, Emmie de; Munster, Vincent J.; Sorrell, Erin M.; Bestebroer, Theo M. et al. (22 June 2012). "Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets". Science 336 (6088): 1534–1541. doi:10.1126/science.1213362. PMID 22723413. Bibcode: 2012Sci...336.1534H.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4810786
  22. "The fight against bird flu". Nature 496 (7446): 397. April 24, 2013. doi:10.1038/496397a. PMID 23627002.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F496397a
  23. Li, Q.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, M.; Chen, Z.; Li, F.; Wu, H.; Xiang, N.; Chen, E. et al. (April 24, 2013). "Preliminary Report: Epidemiology of the Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Outbreak in China". New England Journal of Medicine 370 (6): 520–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1304617. PMID 23614499.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6652192
  24. Gallagher, James (May 3, 2013). "Q&A: H7N9 bird flu". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22107104. 
  25. Shadbolt, Peter (April 25, 2013). "WHO: H7N9 virus 'one of the most lethal so far'". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/24/world/asia/china-birdflu/index.html. 
  26. "Frequently Asked Questions on human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus, China". World Health Organization. 5 April 2013. https://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/faq_H7N9/en/index.html. 
  27. "OIE expert mission finds live bird markets play a key role in poultry and human infections with influenza A(H7N9)". Paris: World Organisation for Animal Health. April 30, 2013. http://www.oie.int/en/for-the-media/press-releases/detail/article/oie-expert-mission-finds-live-bird-markets-play-a-key-role-in-poultry-and-human-infections-with-infl/. 
  28. "Study puts troubling traits of H7N9 avian flu virus on display". http://www.news.wisc.edu/21943. 
  29. Arima, Y.; Zu, R.; Murhekar, M.; Vong, S.; Shimada, T. (2013). "Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China: preliminary assessments of the age and sex distribution". Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 4 (2): 1–3. doi:10.5365/wpsar.2013.4.2.005. PMID 24015363. PMC 3762971. http://www.wpro.who.int/wpsar/volumes/04/2/2013_PE_EMT_Arima/en/index.html. 
  30. Skowronski, DM; Janjua, NZ; Kwindt, TL; De Serres, G (25 April 2013). "Virus-host interactions and the unusual age and sex distribution of human cases of influenza A(H7N9) in China, April 2013". Eurosurveillance (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) 18 (17): 20465. doi:10.2807/ese.18.17.20465-en. PMID 23647627. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20465. Retrieved 3 May 2013. 
  31. Experts: Past exposures may help explain H7N9 age profile, Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy, University of Minnesota, April 26, 2013. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/h7n9/news/apr2613age.html
  32. Schnirring, Lisa (April 1, 2013). "China reports three H7N9 infections, two fatal". CIDRAP News. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/news/ap0113chinabr.html. 
  33. "Asian Lineage Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus – Avian Influenza (Flu)". 2018-12-11. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9-virus.htm. 
  34. Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus – China, WHO, Disease outbreak news, 17 January 2017. https://www.who.int/csr/don/17-january-2017-ah7n9-china/en/
  35. "USGS National Wildlife Health Center – Avian Influenza Wildlife Chart". http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/avian_influenza/affected_species_chart.jsp. 
  36. "Swine influenza virus: zoonotic potential and vaccination strategies for the control of avian and swine influenzas". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 197 Suppl 1: S19–24. March 2008. doi:10.1086/524988. PMID 18269323.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F524988
  37. "Avian and Pandemic Influenza: The Global Response". Avian Influenza Action Group, United States Department of State. Oct 2008.
  38. Hameiri, S (2014). "Avian influenza, 'viral sovereignty', and the politics of health security in Indonesia". The Pacific Review 27 (3): 333–356. doi:10.1080/09512748.2014.909523. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/22312/. 
  39. Porter, N (2012). "Risky zoographies: The limits of place in avian flu management". Environmental Humanities 1 (1): 103–121. doi:10.1215/22011919-3609994.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1215%2F22011919-3609994
  40. Lee, Bruce Y.. "Avian Influenza, H5N8, Spreading Rapidly In Europe, What To Do About The Bird Flu" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/11/29/avian-influenza-h5n8-spreading-rapidly-in-europe-what-to-do-about-the-bird-flu/. 
  41. "Germany orders 29,000 chickens culled after bird flu found on farm". https://www.msn.com/en-au/lifestyle/wellbeing/germany-orders-29-000-chickens-culled-after-bird-flu-found-on-farm/ar-BB1bBkQd?%2525253Bocid=spartanntp. 
  42. Reuters Staff (2020-11-27). "Belgium reports bird flu outbreak on farm - OIE" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-birdflu-belgium-idUSKBN28726X. 
  43. Riley M. Seeger, Amy D. Hagerman, Kamina K. Johnson, Dustin L. Pendell, Thomas L. Marsh, When poultry take a sick leave: Response costs for the 2014–2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemic in the USA
  44. Porter, N (2013). "Bird flu biopower: Strategies for multispecies coexistence in Viet Nam". American Ethnologist 40 (1): 132–148. doi:10.1111/amet.12010.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Famet.12010
  45. Padmawati, S.; Nichter, M. (2008). "Community response to avian flu in Central Java, Indonesia". Anthropology & Medicine 15 (1): 31–51. doi:10.1080/13648470801919032. PMID 27268991.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13648470801919032
  46. McLeod, A., Morgan, N., Prakash, A., & Hinrichs, J. (2005) Economic and social impacts of avian influenza. Food and Agriculture Organisation.
  47. Bagnol, B. (2012). Advocate gender issues: A sustainable way to control Newcastle Disease in village chickens. INFPD Good Practices of Family Poultry Production Note No 03.
  48. CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - Protecting Poultry Workers from Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) (2008-128). 2008. doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2008128. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-128/. Retrieved 2015-07-31. 
  49. "Responding to the avian influenza pandemic threat: Recommended strategic actions". World Health Organization. 2005.
  50. "Research and development". WHO. https://www.who.int/immunization/research/en/. 
  51. Shim, E.; Galvani, A. P. (2009). "Evolutionary repercussions of avian culling on host resistance and influenza virulence". PLOS ONE 4 (5): e5503. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005503. PMID 19430529. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.5503S.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2675103
  52. "Transmission of Influenza Viruses from Animals to People". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 19 Aug 2014.
More
©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Microbiology
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
HandWiki
View Times: 1.4K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 11 Nov 2022
Table of Contents
    Notice
    You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
    OK
    Confirm
    Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
    Yes
    No
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    There is no comment~
    ${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    ${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
    Submit
    Cancel
    Confirm
    Are you sure to Delete?
    Yes No
    Academic Video Service
    Feedback