Spirit (Animating Force)

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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Philosophy:Spirit_(animating_force)

In folk belief, spirit is the vital principle or animating force within all living things. As recently as 1628 and 1633 respectively, both William Harvey and René Descartes still speculated that somewhere within the body, in a special locality, there was a "vital spirit" or "vital force", which animated the whole bodily frame, just as the engine in a factory moves the machinery in it. People have frequently conceived of spirit as a supernatural being, or non-physical entity; for example, a demon, ghost, fairy, or angel. In ancient Islamic terminology however, the term spirit (rūḥ), applies only to "pure" spirits, but not to other invisible creatures, such as jinn, demons and angels. Historically, spirit has been used to refer to a "subtle" as opposed to "gross" material substance, as put forth in the notable last paragraph of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica. In English Bibles, "the Spirit" (with a capital "S"), specifically denotes the Holy Spirit. The concepts of spirit and soul often overlap, and some systems propose that both survive bodily death. "Spirit" can have the sense of "ghost", i.e. a manifestation of the spirit of a deceased person. "Spirit" is also often used to refer to the consciousness or personality.

consciousness personality spirit and soul

References

See François 2009, pp. 187–97.
anə-, from *ə2enə1-. Watkins, Calvert. 2000. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, second edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., p. 4. Also available online. (NB: Watkins uses ə1, ə2, ə3 as fully equivalent variants for h1, h2, h3, respectively, for the notation of Proto-Indo-European laryngeal segments.) https://web.archive.org/web/20071208010420/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE17.html
bhes-2 (with zero grade *bhs- devoicing leading to *phs- and later ps- in Classical Greek). Watkins, Calvert. 2000. The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, second edition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 2000, p. 11. Also available online. https://web.archive.org/web/20071208011042/http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE60.html
Koehler, L., Baumgartner, W., Richardson, M. E. J., & Stamm, J. J. (1999). The Hebrew and Aramaic lexicon of the Old Testament (electronic ed.) (711). Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill.
Brown, F., Driver, S. R., & Briggs, C. A. (2000). Enhanced Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (electronic ed.) (659). Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems. (N.B. Corresponds closely to printed editions.)
Brown, F., Driver, S. R., & Briggs, C. A. (2000). Enhanced Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (electronic ed.) (924ff.). Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems. (N.B. Corresponds closely to printed editions.)
Eddy, Mary Baker (1875). "Glossary". Science and Health With Key to the Scriptures. p. 587. http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/shkts11.txt. Retrieved 2009-03-11. "GOD — The great I AM; the all-knowing, all-seeing, all-acting, all-wise, all-loving, and eternal; Principle; Mind; Soul; Spirit; Life; Truth; Love; all substance; intelligence."
Doctrine and Covenants 131:7 https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/131?lang=eng
"Abraham 5:7". https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/abr/5.7?lang=eng&clang=eng#p7.
"Abraham 3:22". https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/abr/3.22?lang=eng&clang=eng#p22.
"Topical Guide: Intelligence, Intelligences". https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/intelligence-intelligences?lang=eng.
Miles, Leroyce (2018). "Spirit". Introduction to the Study of Religion. Waltham Abbey, Essex: Scientific e-ResourcesED-Tech Press. p. 98. ISBN 9781839473630. https://books.google.com/books?id=A-TEDwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 6 December 2021. "Various forms of animism, such as Japan's Shinto and African traditional religion, focus on invisible beings that represent or connect with plants, animals (sometimes called 'Animal Fathers'), or landforms (kami): translators usually employ the English word “spirit” when trying to express the idea of such entities."
Jung, C. G. (1960). "Spirit and Life". The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. XX. 8. New York: Pantheon Books for Bollinger. pp. 319–20.
Hyslop, James Hervey (1919). Contact with the Other World (First ed.). New York, NY: The Century Co.. p. 11. https://archive.org/details/contactwithother01hysl.
See the Wiktionary entries for Geist and esprit.
"Ruach: Spirit or Wind or ???". http://www.biblicalheritage.org/Bible%20Studies/ruach.htm.

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