Aggression

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1	handwiki	Vivi Li	--	9472	2022-11-10 01:36:50

The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Philosophy:Aggression

Aggression is overt or covert, often harmful, social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or other harm upon another individual. It may occur either reactively or without provocation. In humans, aggression can be caused by various triggers, from frustration due to blocked goals to feeling disrespected. Human aggression can be classified into direct and indirect aggression; whilst the former is characterized by physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm to someone, the latter is characterized by behavior intended to harm the social relations of an individual or group. In definitions commonly used in the social sciences and behavioral sciences, aggression is an action or response by an individual that delivers something unpleasant to another person. Some definitions include that the individual must intend to harm another person. In an interdisciplinary perspective, aggression is regarded as “an ensemble of mechanism formed during the course of evolution in order to assert oneself, relatives or friends against others, to gain or to defend resources (ultimate causes) by harmful damaging means [...] These mechanisms are often motivated by emotions like fear, frustration, anger, feelings of stress, dominance or pleasure (proximate causes) [...] Sometimes aggressive behavior serves as a stress relief or a subjective feeling of power." Predatory or defensive behavior between members of different species may not be considered aggression in the same sense. Aggression can take a variety of forms, which may be expressed physically, or communicated verbally or non-verbally: including anti-predator aggression, defensive aggression (fear-induced), predatory aggression, dominance aggression, inter-male aggression, resident-intruder aggression, maternal aggression, species-specific aggression, sex-related aggression, territorial aggression, isolation-induced aggression, irritable aggression, and brain-stimulation-induced aggression (hypothalamus). There are two subtypes of human aggression: (1) controlled-instrumental subtype (purposeful or goal-oriented); and (2) reactive-impulsive subtype (often elicits uncontrollable actions that are inappropriate or undesirable). Aggression differs from what is commonly called assertiveness, although the terms are often used interchangeably among laypeople (as in phrases such as "an aggressive salesperson").

social interaction social sciences social relations

References

Dollard, J.; Doob, L.W.; Miller, N.E.; Mowrer, O.H.; Sears, R.R. (1939). Frustration and Aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Berkowitz, L. (1987). "Frustrations, appraisals, and aversively stimulated aggression". Aggressive Behavior 14 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.106.1.59. PMID 2667009. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.106.1.59
Archer, J. (1976). "The organization of aggression and fear in vertebrates". in Bateson, P.P.G.; Klopfer, P.H.. Perspectives in Ethology (Vol.2). New York, NY: Plenum. pp. 231–298.
De Almeida, Rosa Maria Martins; Cabral, João Carlos Centurion; Narvaes, Rodrigo (2015). "Behavioural, hormonal and neurobiological mechanisms of aggressive behaviour in human and nonhuman primates". Physiology & Behavior 143: 121–35. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.053. PMID 25749197. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2015.02.053
Miczek, Klaus A.; Almeida, Rosa M. M. de; Kravitz, Edward A.; Rissman, Emilie F.; Boer, Sietse F. de; Raine, Adrian (31 October 2007). "Neurobiology of Escalated Aggression and Violence" (in en). Journal of Neuroscience 27 (44): 11803–11806. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3500-07.2007. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 17978016. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2667097
Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/Abstract.aspx?id=142050
McEllistrem, Joseph E. (2004). "Affective and predatory violence: A bimodal classification system of human aggression and violence". Aggression and Violent Behavior 10 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.06.002. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.avb.2003.06.002
Bushman, Brad J.; Anderson, Craig A. (2001). "Is it time to pull the plug on hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy?". Psychological Review 108 (1): 273–9. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.273. PMID 11212630. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.108.1.273
Ellie L. Young, David A. Nelson, America B. Hottle, Brittney Warburton, and Bryan K. Young (2010) Relational Aggression Among Students Principal Leadership, October, copyright the National Association of Secondary School Principals http://www.nasponline.org/resources/principals/Relational_Aggression_PLOct10.pdf
Ramírez, J.M.; Andreu, J.M. (2006). "Aggression, and some related psychological constructs (anger, hostility, and impulsivity) Some comments from a research project". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (3): 276–91. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.015. PMID 16081158. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2005.04.015
Veenema, Alexa H.; Neumann, Inga D. (2007). "Neurobiological Mechanisms of Aggression and Stress Coping: A Comparative Study in Mouse and Rat Selection Lines". Brain, Behavior and Evolution 70 (4): 274–85. doi:10.1159/000105491. PMID 17914259. https://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000105491
Simons, Marlise (May 2010). "International Court May Define Aggression as Crime". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/31/world/31icc.html.
Nathaniel Snow Violence and Aggression in Sports: An In-Depth Look (Part One) (Part 2Part 3) Bleacher Report, 23 March 2010 http://bleacherreport.com/articles/367924-violence-and-aggression-in-sports-an-in-depth-look-part-one
Coccaro, Emil F.; Beresford, Brendan; Minar, Philip; Kaskow, Jon; Geracioti, Thomas (2007). "CSF testosterone: Relationship to aggression, impulsivity, and venturesomeness in adult males with personality disorder". Journal of Psychiatric Research 41 (6): 488–92. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.04.009. PMID 16765987. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpsychires.2006.04.009
Barbara Krahé (11 February 2013). The Social Psychology of Aggression: 2nd Edition. Psychology Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-136-17772-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=vUg5NGU2lEcC&pg=PT16.
Elizabeth Kande Englander (30 January 2003). Understanding Violence. Psychology Press. pp. 55–86. ISBN 978-1-135-65676-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=AcV5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55.
Merriam-Webster: Aggression Retrieved 10 January 2012 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aggression
Online Etymology Dictionary: Aggression Retrieved 10 January 2012 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=aggression
Stearns, D. C. (2003). Anger and aggression. Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood: In History and Society. Paula S. Fass (Ed.). Macmillan Reference Books http://www.faqs.org/childhood/A-Ar/Anger-and-Aggression.html
Van Staaden, M.J, Searcy, W.A. & Hanlon, R.T. 'Signaling Aggression' in Aggression Academic Press, Stephen F. Goodwin, 2011 https://books.google.com/books?id=zkp7nMtMNOgC
Maestripieri, Dario (1992). "Functional aspects of maternal aggression in mammals". Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 (6): 1069–77. doi:10.1139/z92-150. https://dx.doi.org/10.1139%2Fz92-150
Psychology- The Science of Behaviour, pg 420, Neil R Clarkson (4th Edition)
Gleitman, Henry, Alan J. Fridlund, and Daniel Reisberg. Psychology. 6th ed. New York: W W Norton and Company, 2004. 431–432.
Gendreau, PL & Archer, J. 'Subtypes of Aggression in Humans and Animals', in Developmental Origins of Aggression, 2005, The Guilford Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/Developmental_origins_of_aggression.html?id=XmSfJEl2v4sC&redir_esc=y
Johnson, L. K.; Wiemer, D. F. (1982). "Nerol: An alarm substance of the stingless bee, Trigona fulviventris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Journal of Chemical Ecology 8 (9): 1167–81. doi:10.1007/BF00990750. PMID 24413960. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00990750
Rusch, H.; Gavrilets, S. (2017). "The logic of animal intergroup conflict: A review". Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 178: 1014–1030. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.05.004. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2017.05.004
Tanner, C. J (2006). "Numerical assessment affects aggression and competitive ability: A team-fighting strategy for the ant Formica xerophila". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273 (1602): 2737–42. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3626. PMID 17015327. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1635503
Mitani, John C.; Watts, David P.; Amsler, Sylvia J. (2010). "Lethal intergroup aggression leads to territorial expansion in wild chimpanzees". Current Biology 20 (12): R507–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.021. PMID 20620900. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2010.04.021
Issa, F. A.; Adamson, D. J.; Edwards, D. H. (1999). "Dominance hierarchy formation in juvenile crayfish procambarus clarkii". The Journal of Experimental Biology 202 (24): 3497–506. doi:10.1242/jeb.202.24.3497. PMID 10574728. http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10574728.
Heitor, Filipa; Oom, Maria do Mar; Vicente, Luís (2006). "Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses". Behavioural Processes 73 (2): 170–7. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2006.05.004. PMID 16815645. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.beproc.2006.05.004
Cant, Michael A.; Llop, Justine B.; Field, Jeremy (2006). "Individual Variation in Social Aggression and the Probability of Inheritance: Theory and a Field Test". The American Naturalist 167 (6): 837–52. doi:10.1086/503445. PMID 16615035. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/26263/1/CantetalAggression06AmNat.pdf.
Bragin, A. V.; Osadchuk, L. V.; Osadchuk, A. V. (2006). "The experimental model of establishment and maintenance of social hierarchy in laboratory mice". Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deiatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova 56 (3): 412–9. PMID 16869278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16869278
null
Hsu, Yuying; Earley, Ryan L.; Wolf, Larry L. (2005). "Modulation of aggressive behaviour by fighting experience: Mechanisms and contest outcomes". Biological Reviews 81 (1): 33–74. doi:10.1017/S146479310500686X. PMID 16460581. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS146479310500686X
Aureli, Filippo; Cords, Marina; Van Schaik, Carel P. (2002). "Conflict resolution following aggression in gregarious animals: A predictive framework". Animal Behaviour 64 (3): 325–43. doi:10.1006/anbe.2002.3071. https://dx.doi.org/10.1006%2Fanbe.2002.3071
Silverberg, James; J. Patrick Gray (1992) Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates ISBN:0-19-507119-0 https://books.google.com/books?id=5CQW4vPNH-EC
Honess, P.E.; Marin, C.M. (2006). "Enrichment and aggression in primates". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (3): 413–36. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.05.002. PMID 16055188. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2005.05.002
Hinde, R.A. (1970). Animal Behaviour: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Hebb, D.O. (1949). The Organisation of Behavior. New York, NY: Wiley.
van Kampen, H.S. (2019). "The principle of consistency and the cause and function of behaviour". Behavioural Processes 159: 42–54. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.013. PMID 30562561. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.beproc.2018.12.013
Somit, A. (1990). "Humans, Chimps, and Bonobos: The Biological Bases of Aggression, War, and Peacemaking". Journal of Conflict Resolution 34 (3): 553–82. doi:10.1177/0022002790034003008. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002790034003008
McDonald, M. M.; Navarrete, C. D.; Van Vugt, M. (2012). "Evolution and the psychology of intergroup conflict: The male warrior hypothesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367 (1589): 670–9. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0301. PMID 22271783. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3260849
Vugt, Mark Van; Cremer, David De; Janssen, Dirk P. (2007). "Gender Differences in Cooperation and Competition". Psychological Science 18 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01842.x. PMID 17362372. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9280.2007.01842.x
Buss, D.M. (2005). The murderer next door: Why the mind Is designed to kill. New York: Penguin Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Murderer_Next_Door.html?id=NEq9TTBbt64C&redir_esc=y
McCall, Grant S.; Shields, Nancy (2008). "Examining the evidence from small-scale societies and early prehistory and implications for modern theories of aggression and violence". Aggression and Violent Behavior 13 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2007.04.001. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.avb.2007.04.001
Buss, D. M.; Duntley, J. D. (2006). "The evolution of aggression". in Schaller, M.; Simpson, J. A.; Kenrick, D. T.. Evolution and Social Psychology. New York: Psychology Press. pp. 263–86. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2006-20303-012.
Durrant, Russil (2011). "Collective violence: An evolutionary perspective". Aggression and Violent Behavior 16 (5): 428–36. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.014. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.avb.2011.04.014
Briffa, Mark (2010). "Territoriality and Aggression". Nature Education Knowledge 3 (10): 81. http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/territoriality–and–aggression–13240908.
Lindenfors, P.; Tullberg, B.S. (2011) (in en). Evolutionary Aspects of Aggression: The Importance of Sexual Selection. 75. 7–22. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-380858-5.00009-5. ISBN 9780123808585. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-380858-5.00009-5
Eagly, Alice H.; Steffen, Valerie J. (1986). "Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature". Psychological Bulletin 100 (3): 309–30. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.309. PMID 3797558. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.100.3.309
Lindenfors, Patrik; S.Tullberg, Birgitta (2011). "Evolutionary Aspects of Aggression". Aggression. Advances in Genetics. 75. Elsevier. pp. 7–22. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380858-5.00009-5. ISBN 9780123808585. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-380858-5.00009-5
Lindenfors, Patrik; Tullberg, Birgitta S. (1 August 1998). "Phylogenetic analyses of primate size evolution: the consequences of sexual selection" (in en). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 64 (4): 413–447. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb00342.x. ISSN 0024-4066. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.1998.tb00342.x
Lindenfors, Patrik; Gittleman, John L.; Jones, Kate E. (2007) (in en-US). Sex, Size and Gender Roles. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–26. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208784.003.0003. ISBN 9780199208784. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199208784.003.0003
Clutton-Brock, T. H.; Hodge, S. J.; Spong, G.; Russell, A. F.; Jordan, N. R.; Bennett, N. C.; Sharpe, L. L.; Manser, M. B. (2006). "Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals". Nature 444 (7122): 1065–8. doi:10.1038/nature05386. PMID 17183322. Bibcode: 2006Natur.444.1065C. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05386
Archer, John (2009). "Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression?". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (3–4): 249–66; discussion 266–311. doi:10.1017/S0140525X09990951. PMID 19691899. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/1155/1/archer_J_does_sexual_selection_explain_2009.pdf.
Campbell, Anne (1999). "Staying alive: Evolution, culture, and women's intrasexual aggression". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 (2): 203–14; discussion 214–52. doi:10.1017/s0140525x99001818. PMID 11301523. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0140525x99001818
The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, edited by David M. Buss, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. Chapter 21 by Anne Campbell. https://books.google.com/books?id=esDW3xTKoLIC
Zuk, M. "Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can't Learn about Sex from Animals." University of California Press, 2002 https://books.google.com/books/about/Sexual_selections.html?id=-Sjsmhm82wUC&redir_esc=y
Del Giudice, Marco (2015). "Gender Differences in Personality and Social Behavior". International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. pp. 750–6. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.25100-3. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-097086-8.25100-3
Campbell, Anne (2012). "Sex differences in aggression". in Barrett, Louise; Dunbar, Robin. Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. pp. 365–82. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0025. ISBN 978-0-19-856830-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=8K7Hc09xcQAC&pg=PA365.
Lussier, Patrick; Corrado, Raymond; Tzoumakis, Stacy (2012). "Gender Differences in Physical Aggression and Associated Developmental Correlates in a Sample of Canadian Preschoolers". Behavioral Sciences & the Law 30 (5): 643–71. doi:10.1002/bsl.2035. PMID 22996132. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fbsl.2035
Lansford, Jennifer E.; Skinner, Ann T.; Sorbring, Emma; Giunta, Laura Di; Deater-Deckard, Kirby; Dodge, Kenneth A.; Malone, Patrick S.; Oburu, Paul et al. (2012). "Boys' and Girls' Relational and Physical Aggression in Nine Countries". Aggressive Behavior 38 (4): 298–308. doi:10.1002/ab.21433. PMID 23935227. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3736589
Hay, Dale F.; Nash, Alison; Caplan, Marlene; Swartzentruber, Jan; Ishikawa, Fumiko; Vespo, Jo Ellen (2011). "The emergence of gender differences in physical aggression in the context of conflict between young peers". British Journal of Developmental Psychology 29 (2): 158–75. doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02028.x. PMID 21592146. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-835x.2011.02028.x
Hess, Nicole H.; Hagen, Edward H. (2006). "Sex differences in indirect aggression". Evolution and Human Behavior 27 (3): 231–45. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.11.001. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.evolhumbehav.2005.11.001
Keeler, Linda A (2007). "The differences in sport aggression, life aggression, and life assertion among adult male and female collision, contact, and non-contact sport athletes". Journal of Sport Behavior 30 (1): 57–76. http://search.proquest.com/openview/19a147ae672eead5e95f7141e6116794/1.
Xie, Hongling; Drabick, Deborah A.G.; Chen, Diane (2011). "Developmental trajectories of aggression from late childhood through adolescence: Similarities and differences across gender". Aggressive Behavior 37 (5): 387–404. doi:10.1002/ab.20404. PMID 21748751. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4332584
Young, Cathy (26 November 1999). "Feminists Play the Victim Game". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/26/opinion/feminists-play-the-victim-game.html.
Al-Ali, Majed. M.; Singh, Ajai Pratap; Smekal, Vladimir (2011). "Social anxiety in relation to social skills, aggression, and stress among male and female commercial institute students". Education 132 (2): 351–61. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-278759334/social-anxiety-in-relation-to-social-skills-aggression.
Low, Bobbi S. (2012). "Ecological and socio-cultural impacts on mating and marriage systems". in Barrett, Louise; Dunbar, Robin. Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. pp. 449–62. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0030. ISBN 978-0-19-856830-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=8K7Hc09xcQAC&pg=PA449.
Meijers, J.; Harte, J. M.; Meynen, G.; Cuijpers, P. (1 February 2017). "Differences in executive functioning between violent and non-violent offenders". Psychological Medicine 47 (10): 1784–1793. doi:10.1017/S0033291717000241. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 28173890. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitledifferences-in-executive-functioning-between-violent-and-non-violent-offendersdiv/51D2EDD628447218922BA833A6F59D85.
Kruk, Menno R.; Van Der Poel, A.M.; Meelis, W.; Hermans, J.; Mostert, P.G.; Mos, J.; Lohman, A.H.M. (1983). "Discriminant analysis of the localization of aggression-inducing electrode placements in the hypothalamus of male rats". Brain Research 260 (1): 61–79. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90764-3. PMID 6681724. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-8993%2883%2990764-3
Ferris, C. F.; Melloni Jr, R. H.; Koppel, G; Perry, K. W.; Fuller, R. W.; Delville, Y (1997). "Vasopressin/serotonin interactions in the anterior hypothalamus control aggressive behavior in golden hamsters". The Journal of Neuroscience 17 (11): 4331–40. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04331.1997. PMID 9151749. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6573530
Lee, H (2014). "Scalable control of mounting and attack by Esr1+ neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus". Nature 509 (7502): 627–32. doi:10.1038/nature13169. PMID 24739975. Bibcode: 2014Natur.509..627L. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4098836
Hashikawa, K (2017). "Esr1+ cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus control female aggression". Nat. Neurosci. 11 (20): 1580–1590. doi:10.1038/nn.4644. PMID 28920934. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5953764
Potegal, M.; Hebert, M.; Decoster, M.; Meyerhoff, J. L. (1996). "Brief, high-frequency stimulation of the corticomedial amygdala induces a delayed and prolonged increase of aggressiveness in male Syrian golden hamsters". Behavioral Neuroscience 110 (2): 401–12. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.110.2.401. PMID 8731066. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0735-7044.110.2.401
Potegal, M.; Ferris, C.F.; Hebert, M.; Meyerhoff, J.; Skaredoff, L. (1996). "Attack priming in female Syrian golden hamsters is associated with a c-fos-coupled process within the corticomedial amygdala". Neuroscience 75 (3): 869–80. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(96)00236-9. PMID 8951880. https://zenodo.org/record/1258481.
Greenberg, Neil; Scott, Michelle; Crews, David (1984). "Role of the amygdala in the reproductive and aggressive behavior of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis". Physiology & Behavior 32 (1): 147–51. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(84)90088-X. PMID 6538977. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9384%2884%2990088-X
Bauman, M. D.; Toscano, J. E.; Mason, W. A.; Lavenex, P.; Amaral, D. G. (2006). "The expression of social dominance following neonatal lesions of the amygdala or hippocampus in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)". Behavioral Neuroscience 120 (4): 749–60. doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.4.749. PMID 16893283. http://doc.rero.ch/record/6372/files/lavenex_esd.pdf.
Paus, T. 'Mapping Brain Development' in Developmental Origins of Aggression, 2005, The Guilford Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/Developmental_origins_of_aggression.html?id=XmSfJEl2v4sC&redir_esc=y
Schechter, Daniel S.; Moser, Dominik A.; Pointet, Virginie C.; Aue, Tatjana; Stenz, Ludwig; Paoloni-Giacobino, Ariane; Adouan, Wafae; Manini, Aurélia et al. (2016). "The association of serotonin receptor 3A methylation with maternal violence exposure, neural activity, and child aggression". Behavioural Brain Research 325 (Pt B): 268–277. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.009. PMID 27720744. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbr.2016.10.009
Caramaschi, Doretta; De Boer, Sietse F.; De Vries, Han; Koolhaas, Jaap M. (2008). "Development of violence in mice through repeated victory along with changes in prefrontal cortex neurochemistry". Behavioural Brain Research 189 (2): 263–72. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.01.003. PMID 18281105. https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6717763/2008BehavBrainResCaramaschi.pdf.
Pihl, RO & Benkelfat, C. 'Neuromodulators in the Development and Expression of Inhibition and Aggression' in Developmental_origins_of_aggression.html?id=XmSfJEl2v4sC&redir_esc=y Developmental Origins of Aggression, 2005, The Guilford Press. https://books.google.com/books/about
Heinrichs, M; Domes, G (2008). "Neuropeptides and social behaviour: Effects of oxytocin and vasopressin in humans". Advances in Vasopressin and Oxytocin – from Genes to Behaviour to Disease. Progress in Brain Research. 170. pp. 337–50. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00428-7. ISBN 978-0-444-53201-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2808%2900428-7
Campbell, Anne (2008). "Attachment, aggression and affiliation: The role of oxytocin in female social behavior". Biological Psychology 77 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.001. PMID 17931766. http://dro.dur.ac.uk/10217/1/10217.pdf?DDD27+dul4eg.
Walton, Kenneth G.; Levitsky, Debra K. (2003). "Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program on Neuroendocrine Abnormalities Associated with Aggression and Crime". Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 36 (1–4): 67–87. doi:10.1300/J076v36n01_04. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300%2FJ076v36n01_04
Carlson, N. 'Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior' Chapter 11 in [Physiology of Behavior],2013, Pearson Education Inc.
Van Goozen, S. 'Hormones and the Developmental Origins of Aggression' Chapter 14 in Developmental Origins of Aggression, 2005, The Guilford Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/Developmental_origins_of_aggression.html?id=XmSfJEl2v4sC&redir_esc=y
Archer, John (2006). "Testosterone and human aggression: An evaluation of the challenge hypothesis". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 30 (3): 319–45. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.12.007. PMID 16483890. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2004.12.007
"Three Important Physical Ovulation Symptoms" from BabyMed.com, http://www.babymed.com/ovulation/3-important-physical-ovulation-symptoms,2001-2015
Wingfield, John C.; Ball, Gregory F.; Dufty, Alfred M.; Hegner, Robert E.; Ramenofsky, Marilyn (1987). "Testosterone and Aggression in Birds". American Scientist 75 (6): 602–8. Bibcode: 1987AmSci..75..602W. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AmSci..75..602W
Muller, Martin N; Wrangham, Richard W (2004). "Dominance, aggression and testosterone in wild chimpanzees: A test of the 'challenge hypothesis'". Animal Behaviour 67: 113–23. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.03.013. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2003.03.013
Soma, Kiran K.; Scotti, Melissa-Ann L.; Newman, Amy E.M.; Charlier, Thierry D.; Demas, Gregory E. (2008). "Novel mechanisms for neuroendocrine regulation of aggression". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 29 (4): 476–89. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.12.003. PMID 18280561. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yfrne.2007.12.003
Siegel, Allan; Bhatt, Suresh; Bhatt, Rekha; Zalcman, Steven (2007). "The Neurobiological Bases for Development of Pharmacological Treatments of Aggressive Disorders". Current Neuropharmacology 5 (2): 135–47. doi:10.2174/157015907780866929. PMID 18615178. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2435345
Volman, I.; Toni, I.; Verhagen, L.; Roelofs, K. (2011). "Endogenous Testosterone Modulates Prefrontal-Amygdala Connectivity during Social Emotional Behavior". Cerebral Cortex 21 (10): 2282–90. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr001. PMID 21339377. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3169658
Mehta, Pranjal H.; Beer, Jennifer (2010). "Neural Mechanisms of the Testosterone–Aggression Relation: The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22 (10): 2357–68. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21389. PMID 19925198. https://dx.doi.org/10.1162%2Fjocn.2009.21389
Siever, Larry J. (2008). "Neurobiology of Aggression and Violence". American Journal of Psychiatry 165 (4): 429–42. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111774. PMID 18346997. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4176893
Handbook of Crime Correlates; Lee Ellis, Kevin M. Beaver, John Wright; 2009; Academic Press
null
Albert, D.J.; Walsh, M.L.; Jonik, R.H. (1993). "Aggression in humans: What is its biological foundation?". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 17 (4): 405–25. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80117-4. PMID 8309650. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0149-7634%2805%2980117-4
Constantino, John N.; Grosz, Daniel; Saenger, Paul; Chandler, Donald W.; Nandi, Reena; Earls, Felton J. (1993). "Testosterone and Aggression in Children". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 32 (6): 1217–22. doi:10.1097/00004583-199311000-00015. PMID 8282667. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-199311000-00015
Pibiri, Fabio; Nelson, Marianela; Carboni, Giovanni; Pinna, Graziano (2006). "Neurosteroids regulate mouse aggression induced by anabolic androgenic steroids". NeuroReport 17 (14): 1537–41. doi:10.1097/01.wnr.0000234752.03808.b2. PMID 16957604. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.wnr.0000234752.03808.b2
Choi, P. Y. L.; Parrott, A. C.; Cowan, D. (1990). "High-dose anabolic steroids in strength athletes: Effects upon hostility and aggression". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 5 (4): 349–56. doi:10.1002/hup.470050407. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fhup.470050407
"Aggression protein found in mice". BBC News. 5 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7129176.stm.
Chamero P; Marton TF; Logan DW et al. (December 2007). "Identification of protein pheromones that promote aggressive behaviour". Nature 450 (7171): 899–902. doi:10.1038/nature05997. PMID 18064011. Bibcode: 2007Natur.450..899C. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05997
Smith, R. S.; Hu, R.; Desouza, A.; Eberly, C. L.; Krahe, K.; Chan, W.; Araneda, R. C. (2015). "Differential Muscarinic Modulation in the Olfactory Bulb". Journal of Neuroscience 35 (30): 10773–85. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0099-15.2015. PMID 26224860. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4518052
Krieger, J.; Schmitt, A.; Lobel, D.; Gudermann, T.; Schultz, G.; Breer, H.; Boekhoff, I. (1999). "Selective Activation of G Protein Subtypes in the Vomeronasal Organ upon Stimulation with Urine-derived Compounds". Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (8): 4655–62. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.8.4655. PMID 9988702. https://dx.doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.8.4655
Caltech Scientists Discover Aggression-Promoting Pheromone in Flies Caltech press release, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20091209075216/http://media.caltech.edu/press_releases/13308
Siwicki, Kathleen K; Kravitz, Edward A (2009). "Fruitless, doublesex and the genetics of social behavior in Drosophila melanogaster". Current Opinion in Neurobiology 19 (2): 200–6. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2009.04.001. PMID 19541474. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2716404
"A genetic reduction in antioxidant function causes elevated aggression in mice". J. Exp. Biol. 218 (Pt 2): 223–7. January 2015. doi:10.1242/jeb.112011. PMID 25524980. https://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.112011
Perusse, D. & Gendreau, P. 'Genetics and the Development of Aggression' in Developmental Origins of Aggression, 2005, The Guilford Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/Developmental_origins_of_aggression.html?id=XmSfJEl2v4sC&redir_esc=y
Derringer, Jaime; Krueger, Robert F.; Irons, Daniel E.; Iacono, William G. (2010). "Harsh Discipline, Childhood Sexual Assault, and MAOA Genotype: An Investigation of Main and Interactive Effects on Diverse Clinical Externalizing Outcomes". Behavior Genetics 40 (5): 639–48. doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9358-9. PMID 20364435. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2912157
Cherepkova, Elena V; Maksimov, Vladimir N; Aftanas, Lyubomir I; Menshanov, Petr N (2015). "Genotype and haplotype frequencies of the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism in the men with no history of ADHD, convicted of violent crimes". Journal of Criminal Justice 43 (6): 464–469. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.10.002. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcrimjus.2015.10.002
Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression (1963).
E.O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Harvard, 1978) pp.101–107.
Leakey, R.,& Lewin, R. (1978). People of the lake. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
UNESCO, (1989). The Seville Statement, Retrieved: http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/declarations/seville.pdf
UNESCO Prize for Peace Education, (1989), Retrieved:http://www.demilitarisation.org/IMG/article_PDF/Seville-Statement-UNESCO-1989_a143.pdf
Bond, MH. (2004) 'Aggression and culture', in Encyclopedia of applied psychology, Volume 1. https://books.google.com/books?id=UriYBuiH_FkC&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Thomas, E.M. (1958). The harmless people. New York: Vintage Books. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_harmless_people.html?id=n_lOAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
Keeley, L.H. (1996). War Before Civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lomas, W. (2009) Conflict, Violence, and Conflict Resolution in Hunting and Gathering Societies Totem: The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology, Volume 17, Issue 1, Article 13 http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1205&context=totem
Gray, Peter (Spring 2009). "Play as a Foundation for Hunter-Gatherer Social Existence". American Journal of Play 1 (4): 476–522. http://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/1-4-article-hunter-gatherer-social-existence.pdf.
Gray, Peter (16 May 2011). "How Hunter-Gatherers Maintained Their Egalitarian Ways". https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freedom-learn/201105/how-hunter-gatherers-maintained-their-egalitarian-ways.
Durrant, J.; Ensom, R. (2012). "Physical punishment of children: Lessons from 20 years of research". Canadian Medical Association Journal 184 (12): 1373–7. doi:10.1503/cmaj.101314. PMID 22311946. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3447048
Gershoff, E.T. (2008). Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects on Children. Columbus, OH: Center for Effective Discipline. p. 16. http://www.phoenixchildrens.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/principles_and_practices-of_effective_discipline.pdf. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
"Corporal Punishment" (2008). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3045300461.html
Gershoff, Elizabeth T. (2013). "Spanking and Child Development: We Know Enough Now to Stop Hitting Our Children". Child Development Perspectives 7 (3): 133–137. doi:10.1111/cdep.12038. PMID 24039629. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3768154
Taylor, C. A.; Manganello, J. A.; Lee, S. J.; Rice, J. C. (2010). "Mothers' Spanking of 3-Year-Old Children and Subsequent Risk of Children's Aggressive Behavior". Pediatrics 125 (5): e1057–65. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2678. PMID 20385647. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5094178
Straus, Murray A.; Douglas, Emily M.; Madeiros, Rose Ann (2013). The Primordial Violence: Spanking Children, Psychological Development, Violence, and Crime. New York: Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-84872-953-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=gZTCAAAAQBAJ.
Fujihara, Takehiro; Kohyama, Takaya; Andreu, J. Manuel; Ramirez, J. Martin (1999). "Justification of interpersonal aggression in Japanese, American, and Spanish students". Aggressive Behavior 25 (3): 185–95. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1999)25:3<185::AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-K. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-2337%281999%2925%3A3%3C185%3A%3AAID-AB3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-K
Cohen, Dov; Nisbett, Richard E.; Bowdle, Brian F.; Schwarz, Norbert (1996). "Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor: An "experimental ethnography."". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (5): 945–59. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.945. PMID 8656339. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92155/1/InsultAggressionAndTheSouthernCulture.pdf.
Bergmüller, Silvia (2013). "The Relationship Between Cultural Individualism-Collectivism and Student Aggression Across 62 Countries". Aggressive Behavior 39 (3): 182–200. doi:10.1002/ab.21472. PMID 23494751. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fab.21472
Nolan, P. (2007) Capitalism and freedom: the contradictory character of globalisation From page 2. Anthem Studies in Development and Globalization, Anthem Press https://books.google.com/books/about/Capitalism_and_freedom.html?id=pg6h0_7xRnkC&redir_esc=y
Sherer, Moshe; Karnieli-Miller, Orit (2004). "Aggression and violence among Jewish and Arab Youth in Israel". International Journal of Intercultural Relations 28 (2): 93–109. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.03.004. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijintrel.2004.03.004
Amjad, Naumana; Wood, Alex M. (2009). "Identifying and changing the normative beliefs about aggression which lead young Muslim adults to join extremist anti-Semitic groups in Pakistan". Aggressive Behavior 35 (6): 514–9. doi:10.1002/ab.20325. PMID 19790255. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fab.20325
Akert, M. Robin, Aronson, E., and Wilson, D.T. "Social Psychology", 5th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. 2005
Freedman, J. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/Media_violence_and_its_effect_on_aggress.html?id=GL9DMwoW2P8C&redir_esc=y
Christopher J. Ferguson, (2010) "Video Games and Youth Violence: A Prospective Analysis in Adolescents ", Journal of Youth and Adolescence http://www.tamiu.edu/~cferguson/Video%20Games%201%20Year.pdf
Sherry, J. (2001). "The effects of violent video games on aggression. A meta-analysis". Human Communication Research 27 (3): 409–31. doi:10.1093/hcr/27.3.409. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fhcr%2F27.3.409
Anderson, Craig A.; Dill, Karen E. (2000). "Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (4): 772–90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.772. PMID 10794380. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.78.4.772
Al-Rodhan, Nayef R.F., "emotional amoral egoism:" A Neurophilosophical Theory of Human Nature and its Universal Security Implications, LIT 2008.
Al-Rodhan, Nayef R.F., Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man: A Philosophy of History and Civilisational Triumph, Berlin, LIT, 2009.
Tremblay, Richard E. (2000). "The development of aggressive behaviour during childhood: What have we learned in the past century?". International Journal of Behavioral Development 24 (2): 129–41. doi:10.1080/016502500383232. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F016502500383232
Bongers, Ilja L.; Koot, Hans M.; Van Der Ende, Jan; Verhulst, Frank C. (2004). "Developmental Trajectories of Externalizing Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence". Child Development 75 (5): 1523–37. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00755.x. PMID 15369529. https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/a99fc7fa-b013-4b5c-99d9-1586ea705856.
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2004). "Trajectories of physical aggression from toddlerhood to middle childhood: Predictors, correlates, and outcomes". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 69 (4): vii, 1–129. doi:10.1111/j.0037-976X.2004.00312.x. PMID 15667346. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0037-976X.2004.00312.x
Bongers, I. L.; Koot, H. M.; Van Der Ende, J.; Verhulst, F. C. (2007). "Predicting young adult social functioning from developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviour". Psychological Medicine 38 (7): 989–99. doi:10.1017/S0033291707002309. PMID 18047767. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291707002309
Schellenberg, R. (2000). "Aggressive personality: When does it develop and why?". Virginia Counselors Journal 26: 67–76.
Tremblay, Richard E, ed (2005). Developmental Origins of Aggression. New York: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-59385-110-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=XmSfJEl2v4sC.
Dabb, C (May 1997). The relationship between weather and children's behavior: a study of teacher perceptions. USU Thesis. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3651&context=etd.
Bandura, Albert; Ross, Dorothea; Ross, Sheila A. (1961). "Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 63 (3): 575–82. doi:10.1037/h0045925. PMID 13864605. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0045925
American Academy of Pediatrics (2011) Ages & Stages: Aggressive Behavior HealthChildren.org, retrieved January 2012 http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/toddler/Pages/Aggressive-Behavior.aspx
National Association of School Psychologists (2008) Angry and Aggressive Students https://web.archive.org/web/20101205043644/http://www.nasponline.org/resources/principals/Angry%20and%20Aggressive%20Students-NASSP%20Jan%2008.pdf
Coie, J.D. & Dodge, K.A. (1997). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds). Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 3: Social, emotional and personality development
Maccoby. E.E. & Jacklin. C.N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences, Stanford: Stanford University Press. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Psychology_of_Sex_Differences_Annota.html?id=2g63eUFP7VkC
Björkqvist, Kaj; Österman, Karin; Lagerspetz, Kirsti M. J. (1994). "Sex differences in covert aggression among adults". Aggressive Behavior 20: 27–33. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:1<27::aid-ab2480200105>3.0.co;2-q. http://www.vasa.abo.fi/svf/up/articles/sexdiff_in_covert.pdf. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
Archer, John (2004). "Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review". Review of General Psychology 8 (4): 291–322. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.8.4.291
Card, Noel A.; Stucky, Brian D.; Sawalani, Gita M.; Little, Todd D. (2008). "Direct and Indirect Aggression During Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences, Intercorrelations, and Relations to Maladjustment". Child Development 79 (5): 1185–229. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x. PMID 18826521. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2008.01184.x
Hines, Denise A.; Saudino, Kimberly J. (2003). "Gender Differences in Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Aggression Among College Students Using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales". Violence and Victims 18 (2): 197–217. doi:10.1891/vivi.2003.18.2.197. PMID 12816404. https://dx.doi.org/10.1891%2Fvivi.2003.18.2.197
Björkqvist, Kaj (1994). "Sex differences in physical, verbal, and indirect aggression: A review of recent research". Sex Roles 30 (3–4): 177–88. doi:10.1007/BF01420988. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01420988
Navis, Charlene; Brown, Stephen L.; Heim, Derek (2008). "Predictors of injurious assault committed during or after drinking alcohol: A case–control study of young offenders". Aggressive Behavior 34 (2): 167–74. doi:10.1002/ab.20231. PMID 17922526. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fab.20231
Turner, Charles W.; Layton, John F.; Simons, Lynn S. (1975). "Naturalistic studies of aggressive behavior: Aggressive stimuli, victim visibility, and horn honking". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 (6): 1098–107. doi:10.1037/h0076960. PMID 1142063. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0076960
Castle, T.; Hensley, C (2002). "Serial Killers with Military Experience: Applying Learning Theory to Serial Murder". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 46 (4): 453–65. doi:10.1177/0306624X02464007. PMID 12150084. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0306624X02464007
blennow; Manhem (20 January 2021). "CSF studies in violent offenders". Journal of Neural Transmission 108: 869–878.
Smith, P. (2007). "Why has aggression been thought of as maladaptive?". Aggression and Adaptation: the Bright Side to Bad Behavior. pp. 65–83. ISBN 978-1-135-59375-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=kfAdzNKaK5AC&pg=PA65.
null
Bjørkly, Stâl (2006), "Psychological Theories of Aggression: Principles and Application to Practice", Violence in Mental Health Settings (New York, NY: Springer New York): pp. 27–46, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-33965-8_2, ISBN 978-0-387-33964-1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33965-8_2, retrieved 2021-05-05
Ferguson, Christopher J. (2010). "Blazing angels or resident evil? Can violent video games be a force for good?". Review of General Psychology 14 (2): 68–81. doi:10.1037/a0018941. http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/gpr-14-2-68.pdf.

©Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons-Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Others

Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

HandWiki

View Times: 3.1K

Entry Collection: HandWiki

Update Date: 10 Nov 2022

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

References