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| 1 | Vivi Li | -- | 1525 | 2022-11-10 01:46:10 |
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The origins of Judaism lie in the Bronze Age amidst polytheistic ancient Semitic religions, specifically Canaanite religion, co-existing with a syncretization with elements of Babylonian religion and of the worship of Yahweh reflected in the early prophetic books of the Hebrew Bible. During the Iron Age I, the Israelite religion became distinct from other Canaanite religions due to the unique monolatristic (proto-monotheistic) worship of Yahweh. During the Babylonian captivity of the 6th and 5th centuries BCE (Iron Age II), certain circles within the exiled Judahites in Babylon refined pre-existing ideas about monotheism, election, divine law and Covenant into a strict monotheistic theology which came to dominate the former Kingdom of Judah in the following centuries. From the 5th century BCE until 70 CE, Israelite religion developed into the various theological schools of Second Temple Judaism, besides Hellenistic Judaism in the diaspora. Second Temple eschatology was significantly influenced by Zoroastrianism. The text of the Hebrew Bible was redacted into its extant form in this period and possibly also canonized as well. Rabbinic Judaism developed during Late Antiquity, during the 3rd to 6th centuries CE; the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud were compiled in this period. The oldest manuscripts of the Masoretic tradition come from the 10th and 11th centuries CE; in the form of the Aleppo Codex of the later portions of the 10th century CE and the Leningrad Codex dated to 1008–1009 CE. Due largely to censoring and the burning of manuscripts in medieval Europe the oldest existing manuscripts of various rabbinical works are quite late. The oldest surviving complete manuscript copy of the Babylonian Talmud is dated to 1342 CE.
References
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- Schniedewind 2013, p. 93.
- Smith 2010, p. 119.
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- Davies 2016, p. 15.
- Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 397.
- Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 402.
- Coogan et al. 2007, p. xxiii.
- Berquist 2007, p. 3-4.
- Frederick J. Murphy (15 April 2008). "Second Temple Judaism". in Alan Avery-Peck. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Jacob Neusner,. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-0-470-75800-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=bEyD_MaeqP4C&pg=PA61.
- Coogan et al. 2007, p. xxvi.
- http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15283-zoroastrianism
- Becker & Reed 2007.
- Dunn, James D. G., ed (1999). Jews and Christians: the parting of the ways A.D. 70 to 135. William B Eerdmans Publishing Company. https://books.google.com/books?id=9zCh9SBb6Y8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jews+and+Christians:+The+Parting+of+the+Ways&source=bl&ots=uayp6KFZkr&sig=MnZ1wjNVicf0Og6Jw6mAwwXkioA&hl=en&ei=SG2GTPK-HYi8sAO1q6m6Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Goldenberg, Robert (2002). "Reviewed Work: Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism by Daniel Boyarin". The Jewish Quarterly Review 92 (3/4): 586–588. doi:10.2307/1455460. https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1455460
