Vichy France

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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Religion:Vichy_France

Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Evacuated from Paris to Vichy in the unoccupied "Free Zone" (zone libre) in the southern part of metropolitan France which included French Algeria, it remained responsible for the civil administration of all France as well as the French colonial empire. From 1940 to 1942, while the Vichy regime was the nominal government of all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine, the Germans militarily occupied northern France. While Paris remained the de jure capital of France, the government chose to relocate to the town of Vichy, 360 km (220 mi) to the south in the zone libre, which thus became the de facto capital of the French State. Following the Allied landings in French North Africa in November 1942, southern France was also militarily occupied by Germany and Italy to protect the Mediterranean coastline. Petain's government remained in Vichy as the nominal government of France, albeit one that was obliged by circumstances to collaborate with Germany from November 1942 onwards. The government at Vichy remained there until late 1944, when it lost its authority due to the Allied invasion of France. After being appointed Premier by President Albert Lebrun, Marshal Pétain's cabinet agreed to end the war and signed an Armistice with Germany on 22 June 1940. On 10 July, the French Third Republic was dissolved, and Pétain established an authoritarian regime when the National Assembly granted him full powers. The Vichy government reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy, calling for "National Regeneration", with central planning a key feature. Labour unions came under tight government control. Conservative Catholics became prominent and clerical input in schools resumed. Paris lost its avant-garde status in European art and culture. The media were tightly controlled and stressed virulent anti-Semitism, and, after June 1941, anti-Bolshevism. The French State maintained nominal sovereignty over the whole of French territory, but had effective full sovereignty only in the unoccupied southern zone libre ("free zone"). It had limited and only civil authority in the northern zones under military occupation. The occupation was to be a provisional state of affairs, pending the conclusion of the war, which at the time (1940) appeared imminent. The occupation also presented certain advantages, such as keeping the French Navy and French colonial empire under French control, and avoiding full occupation of the country by Germany, thus maintaining a degree of French independence and neutrality. The French government at Vichy never joined the Axis alliance. Germany kept two million French soldiers prisoner, carrying out forced labour. They were hostages to ensure that Vichy would reduce its military forces and pay a heavy tribute in gold, food, and supplies to Germany. French police were ordered to round up Jews and other "undesirables" such as communists and political refugees. Much of the French public initially supported the government, despite its undemocratic nature and its difficult position vis-à-vis the Germans, often seeing it as necessary to maintain a degree of French autonomy and territorial integrity. In November 1942, however, the zone libre was also occupied by Axis forces, leading to the disbandment of the remaining army and the sinking of France's remaining fleet and ending any semblance of independence, with Germany now closely supervising all French officials. Most of the overseas French colonies were originally under Vichy control, but with the Allied invasion of North Africa it lost one colony after another to Charles de Gaulle's Allied-oriented Free France. Public opinion in some quarters turned against the French government and the occupying German forces over time, when it became clear that Germany was losing the war, and resistance to them increased. Following the Allied invasion of France in June 1944 and the liberation of France later that year, the Free French Provisional government of the French Republic (GPRF) was installed by the Allies as France's government, led by de Gaulle. Under a "national unanimity" cabinet uniting the many factions of the French Resistance, the GPRF re-established a provisional French Republic, thus apparently restoring continuity with the Third Republic. Most of the legal French government's leaders at Vichy fled or were subject to show trials by the GPRF, and a number were quickly executed for "treason" in a series of purges (épuration légale). Thousands of collaborators were summarily executed by local communists and the Resistance in so-called "savage purges" (épuration sauvage). The last of the French state exiles were captured in the Sigmaringen enclave by de Gaulle's French 1st Armoured Division in April 1945. Pétain, who had voluntarily made his way back to France via Switzerland, was also put on trial for treason by the new Provisional government, and received a death sentence, but this was commuted to life imprisonment by de Gaulle. Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for crimes against humanity, although many more had participated in the deportation of Jews for extermination in Nazi concentration camps, abuses of prisoners, and severe acts against members of the Resistance.

central planning anti-bolshevism authoritarian regime

References

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Kitson, Simon. "Bousquet, Touvier and Papon: Three Vichy personalities". http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter8/interviews/filetodownload,27676,en.pdf. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Carrier, Peter (29 December 2017). "Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany Since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the Vél' D'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin". Berghahn Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=bRshMk5sBxUC&pg=PA86&dq=Vichy+regime+++illegal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiM0bPFypXVAhVm1oMKHbWIDcEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Vichy+regime+++illegal&f=false.
One of the first legal acts of the provisional government was to pass an ordinance reestablishing the rule of law: Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental, article 1: "The form of government of France is and stays the Republic. In law, the Republic never ceased to exist." article 2: "Thus, all constitutional acts, statutes and regulations, and decisions taken for the execution thereof, taken after 16 June 1940 up to the reestablishment of the provisional government of the French Republic, are null and devoid of effects." http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/co1944-1.htm
Wolf, Joan Beth (29 December 2017). "Harnessing the Holocaust: The Politics of Memory in France". Stanford University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=zFfp4IHbBkMC&pg=PA176&dq=De+Gaulle+Vichy+regime++Republic&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy4bjlypXVAhUMw4MKHY0LBVcQ6AEIZTAJ#v=onepage&q=De+Gaulle+Vichy+regime++Republic&f=false.
"Obituary: Rene Bousquet" (in en-GB). The Independent. 9 June 1993. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-rene-bousquet-1490548.html.
En 1995, la reconnaissance des « fautes commises par l'État » in Le Monde, 26 January 2005 (in French) http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3224,36-395520,0.html
"Marine Le Pen denies French role in wartime roundup of Paris Jews" (in en-GB). The Guardian. 9 April 2017. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/09/marine-le-pen-denies-french-role-wartime-roundup-paris-jews.
Traverso, Enzo (16 February 2016) (in en). Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914-1945. Verso Books. ISBN 9781784781347. https://books.google.com/books?id=wAJiCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT57&dq=the+Vichy+Syndrome++past+that+doesn't+pass&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9qNOvy5XVAhXp5oMKHdRkAZkQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=the%20Vichy%20Syndrome%20%20past%20that%20doesn't%20pass&f=false.
Mulholland, Maureen; Melikan, R. A. (2003) (in en). The Trial in History: Domestic and international trials, 1700-2000. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719064869. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hn0y5bqdLeYC&pg=PA173&dq=Vichy+Papon's+responsibility&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiir9-AzJXVAhXJ5oMKHYMHDmwQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=Vichy%20Papon's%20responsibility&f=false.
Whitney, Craig R. (18 February 2007). "Maurice Papon, Convicted Vichy Official, 96, Dies" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/world/europe/18papon.html.
Nice Matin, 28 February 2007 (subscription only) – The news is taken up by L'Humanité on 1 March 2007, Des immeubles niçois à l'heure de Vichy (in French) http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2007-03-01/2007-03-01-846877
Le Figaro, 15 October 2007, A vendre appartement pour Français non juif (in French) http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20070228.WWW000000332_a_vendre_appartement_pour_francais_non_juif.html
Curtis, Michale (2013). Verdict On Vichy: Power and Prejudice in the Vichy France Regime. Skyhorse. p. 108. https://books.google.com/books?id=vrQtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT108.
Kim Munholland, "Wartime France: Remembering Vichy". French Historical Studies (1994) 18#3 pp. 801–820 quoting p. 809
L'Humanité, 1 November 1997, Robert Paxton donne une accablante leçon d'histoire (Robert Paxton gives a damning lesson of history) (in French) and Robert Paxton: History Lesson. Retrieved 29 August 2016. https://www.humanite.fr/journal/1997-11-01/1997-11-01-790819
Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews. University of Nebraska Press, 1999, pp. 168–169. ISBN:0-8032-9914-1
François Delpech, Historiens et Géographes, no 273, mai–juin 1979, ISSN 0046-757X
Whitney, Craig R. (3 April 1998). "Ex-Vichy Aide Is Convicted And Reaction Ranges Wide" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/03/world/ex-vichy-aide-is-convicted-and-reaction-ranges-wide.html.

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