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HandWiki. Utopia. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33506 (accessed on 25 September 2026).
HandWiki. Utopia. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33506. Accessed September 25, 2026.
HandWiki. "Utopia" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33506 (accessed September 25, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 08). Utopia. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33506
HandWiki. "Utopia." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 November, 2022.
Utopia
Edit

A utopia (/juːˈtoʊpiə/ yoo-TOH-pee-ə) is an imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens. The term was coined by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia, describing a fictional island society in the south Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South America. The opposite of a utopia is a dystopia, which dominates the fictional literature from the 1950s onwards, chiefly because of the impact of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, published in 1949. However, the term can also denote actual experiments in what participants regard as a vastly superior manner of living, generally in what are termed intentional communities. In common parlance it is synonymous with "impossible", "far-fetched", and "deluded". Literary utopias focus on, amongst other things, equality, in such categories as economics, government and justice, with the method and structure of proposed implementation varying based on ideology. Lyman Tower Sargent argues that the nature of a utopia is inherently contradictory because societies are not homogeneous and have desires which conflict and therefore cannot simultaneously be satisfied. According to Sargent:

ideology utopia economics

References

  1. Sargent, Lyman Tower (2005). Rüsen, Jörn; Fehr, Michael; Reiger, Thomas W.. eds. "The Necessity of Utopian Thinking: A cross-national perspective". Thinking Utopia: Steps into Other Worlds (New York: Berghahn Books): 11. ISBN 978-1-57181-440-1. 
  2. Lodder, C.; Kokkori, M; Mileeva, M. (2013). Utopian Reality: Reconstructing culture in revolutionary Russia and beyond. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-90-04-26320-8. 
  3. PERNÝ, Lukáš: Utopians, Visionaries of the World of the Future (The History of Utopias and Utopianism), Martin: Matica slovenská, 2020, p. 16
  4. Frederick Engels. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
  5. http://maquinasdefuego.blogspot.com/2011/08/slavoj-zizek-on-utopia.html
  6. ŠIMEČKA, M. (1963): Sociálne utópie a utopisti, Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Osveta
  7. Filozofický slovník 1977, s. 561
  8. SŤAHEL, R. In: MICHALKOVÁ, R.: Symposion: Utópie. Bratislava: RTVS. 2017
  9. Uchronia: Uchronie (l'utopie dans l'histoire), esquisse historique apocryphe du développement de la civilisation européenne tel qu'il n'a pas été, tel qu'il aurait pu être, Uchronia.net, http://www.uchronia.net/bib.cgi/label.html?id=renouchron, retrieved 2011-10-01 , reprinted 1988, ISBN:2-213-02058-2.
  10. Douglas, Christopher (2013). ""Something That Has Already Happened": Recapitulation and Religious Indifference in The Plot Against America". MFS Modern Fiction Studies 59 (4): 784–810. doi:10.1353/mfs.2013.0045. ISSN 1080-658X.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fmfs.2013.0045
  11. Fondanèche, Daniel; Chatelain, Danièle; Slusser, George (1988). "Dick, the Libertarian Prophet (Dick: une prophète libertaire)". Science Fiction Studies 15 (2): 141–151. ISSN 0091-7729.  http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7729
  12. More, Travis; Vinod, Rohith (1989)
  13. "Thomas More's Utopia". http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126618.html. 
  14. "Utopian Socialism". The Utopian Socialism Movement. http://www.utopiaanddystopia.com/utopia/utopian-socialism/. 
  15. Dalley, Jan (30 December 2015). "Openings: Going back to Utopia". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/73b9bed6-a7ea-11e5-955c-1e1d6de94879. 
  16. Kirk, Andrew G. (2007). Counterculture Green: the Whole Earth Catalog and American environmentalism. University Press of Kansas. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7006-1545-2. 
  17. For examples and explanations, see: Marshall, Alan (2016). Ecotopia 2121: A Vision of Our Future Green Utopia. New York: Arcade Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62872-614-5.  And Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew, and Bellamy, Brent Ryan (2019). An Ecotopian Lexicon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN:978-151790-589-7
  18. de Geus, Marius (1996). Ecologische utopieën – Ecotopia's en het milieudebat. Uitgeverij Jan van Arkel. 
  19. Woollacott, Angela (2015). "Systematic Colonization: From South Australia to Australind". Settler Society in the Australian Colonies: Self-Government and Imperial Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780191017735. https://books.google.com/books?id=SfCkBgAAQBAJ. Retrieved 24 June 2020. "In Wakefield's utopia, land policy would limit the expansion of the frontier and regulate class relationships." 
  20. "the Thaw – Soviet cultural history". https://www.britannica.com/topic/the-Thaw-Soviet-cultural-history. 
  21. Fries, Sylvia, The Urban Idea in Colonial America, Chapters 3 and 5
  22. Home, Robert, Of Planting and Planning: The Making of British Colonial Cities, 9
  23. Wilson, Thomas, The Oglethorpe Plan, Chapters 1 and 2
  24. "America and the Utopian Dream – Utopian Communities". http://brbl-archive.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/utopia/uc22.html. 
  25. "For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements and Communalism in America, 2nd Edition". http://secure.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=432. 
  26. Curl, John (2009). "Communalism in th 20th Century". For All the People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America (2 ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press (published 2012). pp. 312–333. ISBN 9781604867329. https://books.google.com/books?id=HQJ1XhTqcR4C. Retrieved 24 June 2020. 
  27. Robert Paul Sutton, Communal Utopias and the American Experience: Religious Communities (2003) p. 38
  28. Teuvo Peltoniemi (1984). "Finnish Utopian Settlements in North America". sosiomedia.fi. http://www.sosiomedia.fi/utopia/na_settlements.pdf. 
  29. Sosis, Richard (2000). "Religion and Intragroup Cooperation: Preliminary Results of a Comparative Analysis of Utopian Communities". Cross-Cultural Research (SAGE Publishing) 34 (1): 70–87. doi:10.1177/106939710003400105. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/450a/edd9d7e55e9237ee092b0a86b3af986b46bf.pdf. Retrieved January 7, 2020. 
  30. Sosis, Richard; Bressler, Eric R. (2003). "Cooperation and Commune Longevity: A Test of the Costly Signaling Theory of Religion". Cross-Cultural Research (SAGE Publishing) 37 (2): 211–239. doi:10.1177/1069397103037002003.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1069397103037002003
  31. Haidt, Jonathan (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 298–299. ISBN 978-0307455772. 
  32. [35][36][37][38]
  33. Nesse, Randolph M. (2009). "10. Social Selection and the Origins of Culture". Evolution, Culture, and the Human Mind. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–50. ISBN 978-0805859119. 
  34. Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics. Ada Township, Michigan: Baker Books. 2011. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-4412-3998-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=8fxBvvFu2l8C. "This goodness theme is advanced most definitively through the promise of a renewal of all creation, a hope present in OT prophetic literature (Isa. 65:17–25) but portrayed most strikingly through Revelation's vision of a “new heaven and a new earth” (Rev. 21:1). There the divine king of creation promises to renew all of reality: “See, I am making all things new” (Rev. 21:5)." 
  35. Isaiah in the New Testament. The New Testament and the Scriptures of Israel. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2005. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-567-61166-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=_MqRBQAAQBAJ. "By alluding to the new Creation prophecy of Isaiah John emphasizes the qualitatively new state of affairs that will exist at God's new creative act. In addition to the passing of the former heaven and earth, John also asserts that the sea was no more in 21:1c." 
  36. Inc., Internet Innovations. "The Book of the Secrets of Enoch, Chapters 1-68". http://reluctant-messenger.com/2enoch01-68.htm. 
  37. Tierney, Helen (1999). Women's Studies Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1442. ISBN 978-0-313-31073-7. https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesenc0001unse/page/1442. 
  38. Noah Berlatsky, "Imagine There's No Gender: The Long History of Feminist Utopian Literature," The Atlantic, April 15, 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/04/imagine-theres-no-gender-the-long-history-of-feminist-utopian-literature/274993/
  39. Attebery, p. 13.
  40. Gaétan Brulotte & John Phillips,Encyclopedia of Erotic Literature, "Science Fiction and Fantasy", CRC Press, 2006, p. 1189, ISBN:1-57958-441-1
  41. Martha A. Bartter, The Utopian Fantastic, "Momutes", Robin Anne Reid, p. 101 ISBN:0-313-31635-X
  42. Martha A. Bartter, The Utopian Fantastic, "Momutes", Robin Anne Reid, p. 102
  43. M.I.Finley, World of Odysseus, 1954, 100.
  44. Homer Odyssey 6:251-7:155
  45. Haag, Herbert (1969). Is original sin in Scripture?. New York: Sheed and Ward. ISBN 9780836202502. https://books.google.com/books?id=zO_YAAAAMAAJ.  German or. ed.: 1966.
  46. (in German) Haag, Herbert (1966). pp. 1, 49ff. https://books.google.com/books?id=nUMaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22dona+praeternaturalia%22
  47. Cobham Brewer E. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Odhams, London, 1932
  48. Tian, Xiaofei (2010). "From the Eastern Jin through the Early Tang (317–649)". The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-521-85558-7. 
  49. Berkowitz, Alan J. (2000). Patterns of Disengagement: the Practice and Portrayal of Reclusion in Early Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-8047-3603-9. 
  50. Longxi, Zhang (2005). Allegoresis: Reading Canonical Literature East and West. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-8014-4369-5. 
  51. Longxi, Zhang (2005). Allegoresis: Reading Canonical Literature East and West. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-0-8014-4369-5. 
  52. Longxi, Zhang (2005). Allegoresis: Reading Canonical Literature East and West. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-8014-4369-5. 
  53. Gu, Ming Dong (2006). Chinese Theories of Fiction: A Non-Western Narrative System. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7914-6815-9. 
  54. Patry, Denise; Strahan, Donna; Becker, Lawrence (2010). Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 58. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Wisdom_Embodied/GFa0uSleDNwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ketumati+utopia&pg=PA58&printsec=frontcover. 
  55. Maddegama, Udaya (1993). Sermon of the Chronicle-to-be. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 32–33. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sermon_of_the_Chronicle_to_be/8Eua4CFFGBoC?hl=en&gbpv=1. 
  56. Heller, Nathan (2018-07-02). "Who Really Stands to Win from Universal Basic Income?" (in en). The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/07/09/who-really-stands-to-win-from-universal-basic-income. 
  57. "Are Danes Really That Happy? The Myth Of The Scandinavian Utopia" (in en). https://www.npr.org/2015/02/01/382711488/are-danes-really-that-happy-the-myth-of-the-scandinavian-utopia. 
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