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HandWiki. Z4 (Computer). Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33413 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Z4 (Computer). Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33413. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Z4 (Computer)" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33413 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 08). Z4 (Computer). In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33413
HandWiki. "Z4 (Computer)." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 November, 2022.
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The Z4 was arguably the world's first commercial digital computer. It was designed, and manufactured by early computer scientist Konrad Zuse's company Zuse Apparatebau, for an order placed by Henschel & Son, in 1942; though only partially assembled in Berlin, then completed in Göttingen, and not delivered by the defeat of Nazi Germany, in 1945. The Z4 was Zuse's final target for the Z3 design. Like the earlier Z2, it comprised a combination of mechanical memory and electromechanical logic, so was not a true electronic computer.
henschel
electromechanical
z4
References
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- "Konrad Zuse's Z4: Architecture, Programming and Modifications at ETH Zurich". The first Computers: History and Architectures. MIT. 2002. pp. 263–276. ISBN 978-0-262-18197-6.
- "The Zuse computer" (in en-US). Mathematics of Computation 2 (20): 355–359 [359]. 1947. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1947-0022444-9. ISSN 0025-5718. https://dx.doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1947-0022444-9
- (in de) Historische Notizen zur Informatik. Berlin, Germany: Springer. 2009. p. 198. ISBN 978-3-540-85789-1.
- Hellige, Hans Dieter, ed (2004) (in de). Geschichten der Informatik. Visionen, Paradigmen, Leitmotive. Berlin, Germany: Springer. pp. 93, 110. ISBN 3-540-00217-0.
- "Alwin Walther, IPM, and the Development of Calculator/Computer Technology in Germany, 1930–1945". Annals of the History of Computing (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 8 (4): 334–350. October 1986. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1986.10061. ISSN 0164-1239. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.1986.10061
- Speech, Computer Conservation Society, Science Museum (London), London, UK, 2010-11-18
- "Zuse" (in de). 2001. http://www.virtosphere.de/schillo/teaching/WS2001/Vortraege/Zuse.pdf. (25 pages)
- "Obituary: Konrad Zuse". The Independent. 1995-12-21. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary--konrad-zuse-1526795.html.
- "Kapitel 14 - Die ersten programmierbaren Rechner" (in de). 2010-04-13. http://cs.uni-muenster.de/Professoren/Lippe/lehre/skripte/geschichte/pdf/Kap14.pdf.
- "Zuse Computer Model IV, at Zurich, Switzerland". Digital Computer Newsletter 3 (1): 5. April 1951. http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD0694600.
- "Automatic Computing Machinery: News – Institute for Applied Mathematics of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology" (in en-US). Mathematics of Computation 5 (33): 45–46. 1951. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-51-99443-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-51-99443-4
- "Description of the BINAC". http://www.palosverdes.com/lasthurrah/binac-description.html. Citing "The UNIVAC SHORT CODE". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 10 (1): 7–18 [9]. 1988. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1988.10004. "The BINAC".
- Deutsches Museum, Die Z3 und Z4 von Konrad Zuse, Website of the Deutsches Museum http://www.deutsches-museum.de/sammlungen/meisterwerke/meisterwerke-iii/z3-und-z4/
- (in en) The Computer - My Life. Springer Science & Business Media. 1993-09-28. pp. 81. ISBN 978-3-54056453-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ro5JOskbChAC&q=%22z4%22+mechanical+%22main+memory%22&pg=PA81. (NB. This is a translation of the original title in German Der Computer - Mein Lebenswerk.)
- (in en) A survey of automatic digital computers. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. 1953. p. 97. https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_onrASurveyomputers1953_8778395.
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