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HandWiki. Tracheophyta. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33394 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Tracheophyta. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33394. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Tracheophyta" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33394 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 08). Tracheophyta. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33394
HandWiki. "Tracheophyta." Encyclopedia. Web. 08 November, 2022.
Tracheophyta
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Tracheophyta

Vascular plants (from la vasculum 'duct'), also called tracheophytes (/trəˈkiː.əˌfaɪts/) or collectively Tracheophyta (from grc τραχεῖα ἀρτηρία (trakheîa artēría) 'windpipe', and φυτά (phutá) 'plants'), form a large group of land plants (c. 300,000 accepted known species) that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified tissue (the phloem) to conduct products of photosynthesis. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms (including conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta,:251 Tracheobionta and Equisetopsida sensu lato. Some early land plants (the rhyniophytes) had less developed vascular tissue; the term eutracheophyte has been used for all other vascular plants, including all living ones. Historically, vascular plants were known as "higher plants," as it was believed that they were further evolved than other plants due to being more complex organisms. However, this is an antiquated remnant of the obsolete scala naturae, and the term is generally considered to be unscientific.

vascular plants early land plants vasculum

References

  1. "Xylem and Phloem". 26 August 2020. https://basicbiology.net/plants/physiology/xylem-phloem. 
  2. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998), "A revised six-kingdom system of life", Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 73 (3): 203–266, doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x, PMID 9809012, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee41/d705db1da8998a988671d085ed5ee97186b7.pdf 
  3. Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (1997). The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-730-8. 
  4. Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Reveal, James L.; Farjon, Aljos; Gardner, Martin F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, Mark W. (2011). "A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms". Phytotaxa 19: 55–70. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p070.pdf. 
  5. Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Korall, P.; Schneider, H.; Wolf, Paul G. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns". Taxon 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646. http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf. 
  6. Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa 19: 7–54. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf. 
  7. Pryer, K. M.; Schneider, H.; Smith, AR; Cranfill, R; Wolf, PG; Hunt, JS; Sipes, SD (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants". Nature 409 (6820): 618–22. doi:10.1038/35054555. PMID 11214320. Bibcode: 2001Natur.409..618S.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35054555
  8. Pryer, K. M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Wolf, P. G.; Schneider, H.; Smith, A. R.; Cranfill, R. (2004). "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences". American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1582–1598. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582. PMID 21652310.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1582
  9. Rothwell, G.W.; Nixon, K.C. (2006). "How Does the Inclusion of Fossil Data Change Our Conclusions about the Phylogenetic History of Euphyllophytes?". International Journal of Plant Sciences 167 (3): 737–749. doi:10.1086/503298.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F503298
  10. Hao, Shougang; Xue, Jinzhuang (2013), The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants, Beijing: Science Press, pp. 366, ISBN 978-7-03-036616-0, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269875285, retrieved 2019-10-25 
  11. Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo (2002). "5, 6, 10". Plant Physiology (3 ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. 
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