Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Dean Liu -- 2864 2022-11-07 01:52:49

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Consent Decree. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33206 (accessed on 22 September 2026).
HandWiki. Consent Decree. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33206. Accessed September 22, 2026.
HandWiki. "Consent Decree" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33206 (accessed September 22, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 07). Consent Decree. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33206
HandWiki. "Consent Decree." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 November, 2022.
Consent Decree
Edit

A consent decree is an agreement or settlement that resolves a dispute between two parties without admission of guilt (in a criminal case) or liability (in a civil case), and most often refers to such a type of settlement in the United States . The plaintiff and the defendant ask the court to enter into their agreement, and the court maintains supervision over the implementation of the decree in monetary exchanges or restructured interactions between parties. It is similar to and sometimes referred to as an antitrust decree, stipulated judgment, settlement agreements, or consent judgment. Consent decrees are frequently used by federal courts to ensure that businesses and industries adhere to regulatory laws in areas such as antitrust law, employment discrimination, and environmental regulation.

monetary exchanges regulation liability

References

  1. Resnik, Judith (7 December 2015). "Judging Consent". University of Chicago Legal Forum 1987 (1). ISSN 0892-5593. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=uclf. 
  2. Isenbergh, Maxwell S.; Rubin, Seymour J. (1940). "Antitrust Enforcement Through Consent Decrees". Harvard Law Review 53 (3): 386-414. doi:10.2307/1333475. ISSN 0017-811X.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1333475
  3. Kane, Mary Kay (2001). Civil Procedure in a Nutshell. St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publ.. ISBN 978-0-314-09398-1. OCLC 249079229.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249079229
  4. "Consent Decrees". Columbia Law Review 22 (4): 344-348. 1922. doi:10.2307/1111304. ISSN 0010-1958.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1111304
  5. Schwarzschild, Maimon (1 November 1984). "Public Law by Private Bargain: Title VII Consent Decrees and the Fairness of Negotiated Institutional Reform". Duke Law Journal 33 (5): 887-936. ISSN 0012-7086. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2890&context=dlj. 
  6. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, pp. 388–389.
  7. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, p. 392.
  8. "in invitum". Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in+invitum. Retrieved 6 April 2014. 
  9. Kane, Mary Kay (1996). Civil Procedure: In a Nutshell (4th ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: West. ISBN 978-0-314-06641-1. OCLC 611673986.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611673986
  10. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, p. 387.
  11. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, p. 394.
  12. Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005). "Consent Decree". West's Encyclopedia of American Law. 3 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-6370-4. OCLC 54544166.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54544166
  13. First, Harry; Fox, Eleanor M.; Hemli, Daniel E. (20 July 2012). Procedural and Institutional Norms in Antitrust Enforcement: The U.S. System (Report). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. 
  14. Pollock, Frederick; Maitland, Frederic William (1899). The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. 2. Cambridge: University Press. OCLC 919797536. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t5bc4jc23;view=1up;seq=9. 
  15. Freeman, A. C; Tuttle, Edward W (1925). A Treatise on the Law of Judgments (5th ed.). San Francisco: Bankroft-Whitney. OCLC 184847752.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/184847752
  16. Millar, Robert Wymes (1952). Civil Procedure of the Trial Court in Historical Perspective: Publ. by the Law Center of New York University. The Judicial Administration Series. New York: The national Conference of Judicial Councils. pp. 356. OCLC 608618071.  http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608618071
  17. Fletcher, William Meade (1902). A Treatise on Equity Pleading and Practice, With Illustrative Forms and Precedents,. Saint Paul: Keefe Davidson Company. OCLC 1547525. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112104662368;view=1up;seq=7. 
  18. Ludes, Francis J.; Gilbert, Harold J. (1947). Corpus Juris Secundum. XLIX. The American Law Book Co. § 178 p. 308. https://archive.org/stream/corpusjurissecun006795mbp#page/n327/mode/2up. 
  19. Tobias, Carl (1 January 1989). "Public Law Litigation and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure". Cornell Law Review 74 (2): 270. ISSN 0010-8847. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3405&context=clr. 
  20. Chayes, Abram. "The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation". Harvard Law Review 89 (7): 1281. doi:10.2307/1340256.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1340256
  21. "Rule 23. Class Actions". Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_23. 
  22. "Rule 54: Judgement; Costs". Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_54. 
  23. "Rule 58: Entering Judgement". Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_58#rule_58. 
  24. Zitko, Robert R. (1994). "The Appealability of Conditional Consent Judgments". University of Illinois Law Review 1994: 241. 
  25. "Rule 60: Relief from a Judgement or Order". Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_58#rule_60. 
  26. Tobias 1989, p. 320.
  27. "Rule 48: Dismissal". Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_58#rule_48. 
  28. Mengler, Thomas M. (1987). "Consent Decree Paradigms: Models without Meaning". Boston College Law Review 29. 
  29. "Rule 41: Search and Seizure". Legal Information Institute. https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_58#rule_41. 
  30. Resnik, Judith (1989). "The Domain of Courts". University of Pennsylvania Law Review 137 (6): 2219-2230. doi:10.2307/3312214. ISSN 0041-9907. http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1929&context=fss_papers. 
  31. Ziko 1994, p. 243.
  32. Anderson, Lloyd C. (1996). "United States v. Microsoft, Antitrust Consent Decrees, and the Need for a Proper Scope of Judicial Review". Antitrust Law Journal 65: 40. 
  33. Pacific Railroad of Missouri v. Ketchum, 111 U.S. 505 (1884). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/111/505/
  34. Swift & Co. v. United States, 196 U.S. 375 (1905). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/196/375/
  35. McBride, Alez (2006). "Swift & Co. v. U.S. (1905)". Thirteen: Media with Impact. PBS. https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/landmark_swift.html. 
  36. Epstein, Richard A. (2007). Antitrust Consent Decrees in Theory and Practice: Why Less Is More. Washington, DC: AEI Press. ISBN 978-0-8447-4250-2. 
  37. United States v. Terminal R.R. Ass'n, 224 U.S. 383 (1912). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/224/383/
  38. United States v. United Shoe Machinery Corp., 391 U.S. 244 (1968). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/391/244/
  39. Firefighters v. City of Cleveland, 478 U.S. 501 (1986). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/478/501/
  40. Firefighters v. Stotts, 467 U.S. 561 (1984). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/467/561/
  41. Rabkin, Jeremy A.; Devins, Neal E. (1987). "Averting Government by Consent Decree: Constitutional Limits on the Enforcement of Settlements with the Federal Government". Stanford Law Review 40 (1): 205. doi:10.2307/1228830. ISSN 0038-9765. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1423&context=facpubs. 
  42. Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk County Jail, 502 U.S. 367 (1992). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/502/367/
  43. Curtner, Gregory L.; Kaur, Atleen. Music Licenses: Rhyme or Reason for Antitrust. The American Bar Association. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/Forums/entsports/PublicDocuments/musiclicensesandantitrust.authcheckdam.pdf. 
  44. Einhorn, Michael A. (13 June 2008). Transactions Costs and Administered Markets: License Contracts for Music Performance Rights (Report). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. pp. 61–74. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1144246. 
  45. Einhorn, Michael A. (2000). "Intellectual Property and Antitrust: Music Performing Rights in Broadcasting". Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts 24: 349. http://mediatechcopy.com.orchid.arvixe.com/wp3/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ascapcolumbia.pdf. 
  46. Kleit, An (1 October 2000). "ASCAP versus BMI (versus CBS): modeling competition between and bundling by performance rights organizations". Economic Inquiry 38 (4): 579-590. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00037.x. ISSN 1465-7295.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1465-7295.2000.tb00037.x
  47. Kramer, Victor H. (1958). "Modification of Consent Decrees: A Proposal to the Antitrust Division". Michigan Law Review 56 (7): 1051-1066. doi:10.2307/1285759. ISSN 0026-2234.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1285759
  48. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, pp. 386–414.
  49. Stedman, Robert (31 May 1965). "Consent Decrees and the Private Action: An Antitrust Dilemma". California Law Review 53 (2): 627–654. doi:10.15779/Z38647H. https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2986&context=californialawreview. 
  50. Mengler 1987, pp. 291–346.
  51. "Swift & Co. v. United States". The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. 25 September 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20150925041421/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1901-1939/1904/1904_103. 
  52. Stedman 1965, pp. 631–632.
  53. United States v. Microsoft Corporation, 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Circ. 2001). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/253/34/576095/
  54. United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., 344 U.S. 131, 141 (1948). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/344/131/#141
  55. "Legislation by Consent in the Motion Picture Industry". The Yale Law Journal 50 (5): 854-875. 1941. doi:10.2307/792512. ISSN 0044-0094.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F792512
  56. Chrysler Corp. v. United States, 316 U.S. 556 (1942). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/316/556/
  57. Dabney, Seth M. (1958). "Antitrust Consent Decrees: How Protective an Umbrella". Yale Law Journal 68: 1391–1407. 
  58. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 495 (1954). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/#495
  59. Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. 294, 295 (1954). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/349/294/#295
  60. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1, 15 (1971). U.S., 15. https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/402/1/#15
  61. Swann, 402 U.S. at 29–31.
  62. Green, Preston Cary (1999). "Can State Constitutional Provisions Eliminate De Facto Segregation in the Public Schools?". The Journal of Negro Education 68 (2): 138-153. doi:10.2307/2668121. ISSN 0022-2984.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2668121
  63. Swann, 402 U.S. at 22–25.
  64. Williams, G. Scott (1987). "Unitary School Systems and Underlying Vestiges of State-Imposed Segregation". Columbia Law Review 87 (4): 794-816. doi:10.2307/1122610. ISSN 0010-1958.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1122610
  65. Swann, 402 U.S. at 27–29.
  66. Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/391/430/
  67. Green, 391 U.S. at 435.
  68. Baradaran-Robinson 2003, p. 1346.
  69. Kelly, Kimbriell; Childress, Sarah; Rich, Steven (November 13, 2015). "Forced Reforms, Mixed Results". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/investigative/2015/11/13/forced-reforms-mixed-results/. Retrieved November 10, 2016. 
  70. Dall, Tania (April 20, 2016). "Residents say consent decree changes are negatively impacting the community". WWL. http://www.wwltv.com/news/local/residents-say-consent-decree-changes-are-negatively-impacting-the-community/145985013. 
  71. Swan, Rachel (July 10, 2016). "Oakland police misconduct cases raise questions on oversight". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Oakland-police-misconduct-cases-raise-doubts-on-8350857.php. Retrieved November 10, 2016. 
  72. Rubin, Joel (May 16, 2013). "Federal judge lifts LAPD consent decree". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2013/may/16/local/la-me-lapd-consent-decree-20130517. 
  73. Proctor, Jeff (October 31, 2014). "APD specialized squads, Internal Affairs getting overhaul in DOJ consent decree". KRQE. http://krqe.com/2014/10/31/apd-specialized-squads-internal-affairs-getting-overhaul-in-doj-consent-decree/. 
  74. Schwarzschild 1984, p. 887.
  75. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e-2
  76. "Remedies for Employment Discrimination". U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/employees/remedies.cfm. 
  77. Hegewisch, Ariane; Deitch, Cynthia H.; Murphy, Evelyn F. (2011). Ending Sex and Race Discrimination in the Workplace: Legal Interventions That Push the Envelope. Institute for Women's Policy Research. ISBN 978-1-933161-06-8. 
  78. Bockman, et al. and EEOC v. Lucky Stores, Inc, 108 F.R.D., 11 (C.D. Cal 1986). https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1077&context=condec
  79. EEOC v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 147 F. Supp. 2d, 980 (D. Ariz.). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/147/980/2408986/
  80. Abdallah v. Coca-Cola Co., 133 F. Supp. 2d, 1364 (N.D. Ga. 2001). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/133/1364/2292835/
  81. Dorman v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., So. 2d., 50–56 (M.D. Fla. 2000). https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=condec
  82. Kosen, et al. v. American Express Financial Advisors, Inc. et al., page 21 (D.D.C.). Text https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=condec
  83. Butler v. Home Depot Case Number: C 95-2182 SI; C 94-4335 SI Pages, 33-36
  84. "The Law". U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/thelaw/. 
  85. "Milestones". U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/35th/milestones/1973.html. 
  86. Green, Venus (26 April 2012). "Flawed Remedies: EEOC, AT&T, and Sears Outcomes Reconsidered". Black Women, Gender & Families 6 (1). ISSN 1944-6462.  http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-6462
  87. Williams, Benton (October 2008). "AT&T and the Private-Sector Origins of Private-Sector Affirmative Action". Journal of Policy History 20 (4): 542-568. doi:10.1353/jph.0.0027. ISSN 1528-4190.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fjph.0.0027
  88. "Introduction to the ADA". United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. https://www.ada.gov/ada_intro.htm. 
  89. 42 U.S.C. § 12112, 42 U.S.C. § 12113, and 42 U.S.C. § 12114 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/12112
  90. "ADA Settlements and Consent Agreements". Americans with Disabilities Act. United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. Archived from the original on 2014-07-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20140721061207/http://www.ada.gov/settlemt.htm. Retrieved 2014-04-21. 
  91. "Justice Department Reaches Agreement with Hilton Worldwide Inc. Over ADA Violations at Hilton Hotels and Major Hotel Chains Owned by Hilton". Justice News. The United States Department of Justice. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/November/10-crt-1268.html. 
  92. "United States' Opposition to Defendant United Artists Theatre Circuit, Inc". United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. http://www.ada.gov/archive/uamotion.pdf. 
  93. "Settlement Agreement Concerning the Olympic Stadium". United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. http://www.ada.gov/stadiumo.htm. 
  94. "Justice Department Settles Americans with Disabilities Act Lawsuit with Virginia’s Inova Health System". Justice News. The United States Department of Justice. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2011/March/11-crt-392.html. 
  95. "The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: Twenty Years of ADA Enforcement, Twenty Significant Cases". U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/history/45th/ada20/ada_cases.cfm. 
  96. Natural Resources Defense Council v. Train, No. 74 Civ. 4617 (S.D.N.Y., March 1976)
  97. Trussell, R. Rhodes (1 January 2006). "Constituents of Emerging Concern: An Overview". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006 (12): 1460-1467. doi:10.2175/193864706783749585. https://www.environmental-expert.com/Files/5306/articles/8864/115.pdf. 
  98. "Toxic and Priority Pollutants". Water: CWA Methods. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 2015-02-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20150221124204/http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/pollutants-background.cfm. 
  99. O'Leary, Rosemary (1990). "The Courts and the EPA: The Amazing "Flannery Decision"". Natural Resources & Environment 5 (1): 18-55. ISSN 0882-3812. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rosemary_Oleary/publication/254166607_The_Courts_and_the_EPA_The_Amazing_Flannery_Decision/links/56b8157908ae3c1b79b1792f/The-Courts-and-the-EPA-The-Amazing-Flannery-Decision.pdf. 
  100. Wyche, Bradford W. (1983). "The Regulation of Toxic Pollutants Under the Clean Water Act: EPA's Ten Year Rulemaking Nears Completion". Natural Resources Lawyer 15 (3): 511-536. ISSN 0028-0747.  http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0747
  101. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, p. 386.
  102. Mengler 1987, p. 294.
  103. Resnik 2015, p. 85.
  104. Epstein 2007, p. 4.
  105. Dabney 1963, p. 1053.
  106. Fieweger, Michael (1 January 1993). "Consent Decrees in Prison and Jail Reform--Relaxed Standard of Review for Government Motions to Modify Consent Decrees". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83 (4): 1024–1054. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6766&context=jclc. 
  107. Fieweger 1993, p. 1025.
  108. Consent Decrees 1922, pp. 345–346.
  109. Baradaran-Robinson 2003, p. 1340.
  110. Keating, Gregory C. (1992). "Settling through Consent Decree in Prison Reform Litigation: Exploring the Effects of Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk County Jail". Boston College Law Review 34: 163–201. http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1967&context=bclr. 
  111. Resnik 2015, p. 67.
  112. Keating 1992, p. 164.
  113. Resnik 2015, p. 63.
  114. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, pp. 387, 405.
  115. Baradaran-Robinson 2003, pp. 1339–1340.
  116. Resnik 2015, p. 64.
  117. Resnik 2015, pp. 63–64.
  118. Keating 1992, p. 191.
  119. Mengler 1987, p. 292.
  120. Baradaran-Robinson 2003, p. 1338.
  121. Epstein 2007, p. 6.
  122. Keating 1992, p. 167.
  123. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, p. 408.
  124. Keating 1992, pp. 164, 187.
  125. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, p. 407.
  126. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, p. 409.
  127. Consent Decrees 1922, p. 346.
  128. Resnik 2015, p. 54.
  129. Resnik 2015, p. 62.
  130. Stedman 1965, p. 647.
  131. Keating 1992, pp. 186–187.
  132. Fieweger 1993, p. 1024.
  133. Epstein 2007, p. vii.
  134. Stedman 1965, p. 629.
  135. Isenbergh & Rubin 1940, pp. 407, 409.
  136. Keating 1992, p. 165, 187.
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 2.7K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 07 Nov 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service