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HandWiki. 2017 Catalan Independence Referendum. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33155 (accessed on 26 September 2026).
HandWiki. 2017 Catalan Independence Referendum. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33155. Accessed September 26, 2026.
HandWiki. "2017 Catalan Independence Referendum" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33155 (accessed September 26, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 07). 2017 Catalan Independence Referendum. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33155
HandWiki. "2017 Catalan Independence Referendum." Encyclopedia. Web. 07 November, 2022.
2017 Catalan Independence Referendum
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:2017_Catalan_independence_referendum

The Catalan independence referendum of 2017, also known by the numeronym 1-O (for "1 October") in Spanish media, was an independence referendum held on 1 October 2017 in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, passed by the Parliament of Catalonia as the Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia and called by the Generalitat de Catalunya. It was declared unconstitutional on 7 September 2017 and suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain after a request from the Spanish government, who declared it a breach of the Spanish Constitution. Additionally, in early September the High Court of Justice of Catalonia had issued orders to the police to try to prevent it, including the detention of various persons responsible for its preparation. Due to alleged irregularities during the voting process as well as to the use of force by the National Police Corps and Civil Guard, international observers invited by the Generalitat declared that the referendum failed to meet the minimum international standards for elections. The referendum was approved by the Catalan parliament in a session in which only nationalist parliamentarians participated on 6 September 2017 along with the Law of juridical transition and foundation of the Republic of Catalonia the following day 7 September, which stated that independence would be binding with a simple majority, without requiring a minimum turnout. After being suspended, the law was finally declared void on 17 October, being also unconstitutional according to the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia which requires a two-thirds majority, 90 seats, in the Catalan parliament for any change to Catalonia's status. The referendum question, which voters answered with "Yes" or "No", was "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?". The "Yes" side won, with 2,044,038 (92.01%) voting for independence and 177,547 (7.99%) voting against, on a turnout of 43.03%. The Catalan government estimated that up to 770,000 votes were not cast due to polling stations being closed off during the police crackdown, although the "universal census" system introduced earlier in the day allowed electors to vote at any given polling station. Catalan government officials have argued that the turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish and Catalan police suppression of the vote. On the other hand, most voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out, as the constitutional political parties asked citizens not to participate in what they considered an illegal referendum. Additionally, numerous cases of voters casting their votes several times or with lack of identification were reported, and the counting process and the revision of the census were not performed with quality standards ensuring impartiality. In the days leading to the referendum, the High Court of Justice of Catalonia ordered police forces to impede the use of public premises for the imminent voting. However, on the day of the referendum, the inaction of part of the autonomous police force of Catalonia, the Mossos d'Esquadra, allowed many polling stations to open. The National Police Corps and the Guardia Civil intervened and raided several polling stations after they opened. 893 civilians and 111 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil were reported to have been injured. According to various sources these previously reported figures may have been exaggerated. According to the judge from Barcelona who is currently investigating the accusations of police violence, there were 218 persons injured on that day in the city of Barcelona alone, 20 of whom were agents. According to the official final report by the Catalan Health Service (CatSalut) of the Generalitat 1066 civilians, 11 agents of the National Police and the Guardia Civil and 1 agent of the regional police, the Mossos d'Esquadra, were injured. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, urged the Spanish government to prove all acts of violence that took place to prevent the referendum. The police action also received criticism from Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch which defined it as an "excessive and unnecessary use of force". Spanish Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena stated Puigdemont ignored the repeated warnings he received about the escalation of violence if the referendum was held. Mossos d'Esquadra are being investigated for disobedience, for allegedly not having complied with the orders of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia. Including Josep Lluís Trapero Álvarez, the Mossos d'Esquadra major, who is being investigated for sedition by the Spanish National Court. Mossos d'Esquadra deny those accusations and allege they obeyed the orders but applied the principle of proportionality, which is required by Spanish law in all police operations.

impartiality political parties independence referendum

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  76. González, Miguel (26 July 2017). "La ONU frena el intento de dar aval internacional al referéndum catalán" (in es). El País. https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/07/25/actualidad/1501008212_310224.html. 
  77. Colomé, Jordi Pérez (3 October 2017). "La misión de observadores concluye que el referéndum no cumple los "estándares internacionales"" (in es). El País. https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/10/03/actualidad/1507046129_416345.html. ""La Misión debe concluir que el referéndum, tal y como se hizo, no puede cumplir con los estándares internacionales" The Mission must conclude that the referendum, as it was done, can not meet international standards" 
  78. "Did the referendum comply with basic voting regulations?". El País. 3 October 2017. https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/01/inenglish/1506858911_482600.html. 
  79. Gallego-Díaz, Soledad (5 October 2017). "Mediaciones e instituciones" (in es-ES). Hoy por hoy (Cadena SER). http://cadenaser.com/programa/2017/10/05/hoy_por_hoy/1507161876_966223.html. 
  80. "El Parlamento Vasco muestra su apoyo al referéndum catalán". EITB. 28 September 2017. http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/5109235/el-parlamento-vasco-muestra-su-apoyo-al-referendum-catalan/. 
  81. "PNV y Bildu defienden en una manifestación en Bilbao el referéndum catalán". El Confidencial. 30 September 2017. https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/pais-vasco/2017-09-16/manifestacion-en-bilbao-para-defender-referendum-catalan_1444831/. 
  82. "Espaldarazo al referéndum catalán en Bilbao". EITB. 30 September 2017. http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/5114560/manifestacion-gure-esku-dago-bilbao-30-septiembre-apoyo-masivo/. 
  83. The communiqué published in Gara read that "the Spanish state is a prison for the people, and this is shown by denying the national identity of the Catalan countries. The Spanish state has also become a prison for democracy, since it has trampled on the rights of the Catalans;" see "Basque terrorist group ETA slams Madrid's opposition to Catalan independence vote". 27 September 2017. https://www.thelocal.es/20170927/basque-terrorist-group-eta-slams-madrids-opposition-to-catalan-independence-vote. 
  84. "El Parlamento Vasco muestra su apoyo al referéndum catalán". EITB. 21 September 2017. http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/videos/detalle/5093601/video-el-parlamento-navarra-rechaza-detenciones-cataluna//. 
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  164. "Do you declare yourself independentist?"
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  183. "Do you support Catalonia going independent?"
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  286. Riart, Montse (7 June 2018). "Les entitats acusen els cossos de seguretat de l'Estat d'utilitzar l'1-O com un "laboratori de la repressió"" (in ca). Ara. https://www.ara.cat/societat/Entitats-seguretat-dutilitzar-laboratori-repressio_0_2028397363.html. 
  287. "La euroorden señala que Puigdemont obvió los avisos de que el 1-O provocaría una escalada de violencia". ABC. 30 March 2018. https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-eurorden-senala-puigdemont-obvio-avisos-provocaria-escalada-violencia-201803301345_noticia.html. 
  288. "El juez Llarena recalca en la orden de detención que Puigdemont ignoró los avisos de escalada de violencia". El Mundo. 30 March 2018. http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2018/03/30/5abe1f55e2704ef26a8b45c9.html. 
  289. Rusell, Greg (15 June 2018). "Merkel told Rajoy 'Europe cannot accept' police brutality during independence referendum". The National. http://www.thenational.scot/politics/16292063.Merkel_told_Rajoy____Europe_cannot_accept____police_brutality_during_independence_referendum/. 
  290. "Violences policières en Catalogne : attention aux images trompeuses" (in fr). Le Monde.fr (Le Monde). 2 October 2017. http://mobile.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2017/10/02/violences-policieres-en-catalogne-attention-aux-images-trompeuses_5194905_4355770.html. 
  291. "Falsos heridos, banderas de Photoshop... Éstos fueron los bulos virales del 1-O" (in es). El Mundo. 3 October 2017. http://www.elmundo.es/f5/comparte/2017/10/02/59d20455268e3e96278b45de.html. 
  292. "Una ficción mucho más efectiva" (in es). El Mundo. 4 October 2017. http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2017/10/04/59d3fbf0468aeb46538b4604.html. 
  293. "Las fotos virales del referéndum del 1-O que no te debes creer". 1 October 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/10/01/la-foto-viral-del-referendum-del-1-o-que-no-te-debes-creer_a_23228654/. 
  294. País, El (6 October 2017). "Fake images from the Catalan referendum shared on social media". https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/06/inenglish/1507278297_702753.html. 
  295. David Alandete (2 October 2017). "There's fake news in Catalonia too". El Pais. https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/02/inenglish/1506943013_999238.html. 
  296. Cazabulos, El (5 October 2017). "No, la mujer a la que se llevó la Guardia Civil en volandas no se hizo una foto con Otegi". https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/mujer-llevo-policia-volandas-Otegi_0_693981008.html. 
  297. "La mujer que aseguró que le habían roto los dedos de una mano dice ahora que solo tiene una inflamación" (in es). ABC. 3 October 2017. http://www.abc.es/espana/catalunya/abci-mujer-aseguro-habian-roto-dedos-mano-reconoce-ahora-solo-tiene-capsulitis-201710030845_noticia.html. "Marta Torrecillas envió un mensaje a una amiga en el que aseguraba que la Policía le había desalojado de un colegio electoral tirándola por las escaleras, arrojándole cosas y rompiéndole los dedos de la mano expresamente uno a uno. Sin embargo, en las imágenes del desalojo del citado colegio se ve cómo Torrecillas se tira al suelo cuando los agentes la invitan a abandonar el lugar y la agarran para que lo haga. Marta Torrecillas sent a message to a friend in which she claimed that the police had evicted her from an electoral college by throwing her down the stairs, throwing things at her and breaking her fingers expressly one by one. Nevertheless, in the images of the eviction of the mentioned school it is seen how Torrecillas thrown herself to the ground when the agents asked her to leave the place and they catch her so that she does it" 
  298. "No tenía los dedos rotos sino inflamados: el desmentido de la votante del 1-O" (in es). El Confidencial. 3 October 2017. https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/cataluna/2017-10-03/mujer-dedos-rotos-referendum-cataluna-desmentido_1454686/. 
  299. "Bloomberg's 100 Best Photos of 2017". Bloomberg.com. 22 December 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2017-12-22/bloomberg-s-100-best-photos-of-2017. 
  300. Barcelona, El Periódico / (2017-12-27). "'Bloomberg' destaca como imagen del año la violencia policial del 1-O" (in ES). elperiodico. http://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20171227/bloomberg-imagen-2017-violencia-policial-referendum-cataluna-6520222. 
  301. "Interior denuncia a Colau por acusar a Policía y Guardia Civil de agresiones sexuales" (in es). El Confidencial. 2 October 2017. https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2017-10-02/interior-pide-investigar-colau-acusar-policia-guardia-civil-agresiones-sexuales_1454105/. 
  302. "Juez contabiliza 218 heridos en las cargas policiales en Barcelona el 1-O". La Vanguardia. EFE. 10 October 2017. http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20171010/431965197269/juez-contabiliza-218-heridos-en-las-cargas-policiales-en-barcelona-el-1-o.html. 
  303. Requeijo, Alejandro (6 October 2017). "El juez que investiga las cargas policiales: "No era ilegal" votar el 1-O" (in es). El Español. https://www.elespanol.com/espana/politica/20171006/252225202_0.html. 
  304. Iglesias, Leyre (9 October 2017). "Contamos como agresiones hasta las ansiedades por ver las cargas por televisión" (in es). El Mundo. http://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2017/10/08/59d9237646163f58078b45c2.html. 
  305. "Man 'shot in the eye with rubber bullet in Catalonia'" (in en-GB). The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-protests-referendum-police-latest-man-shot-eye-rubber-bullet-a7979271.html. 
  306. "More than 800 injured in clashes in Catalonia, authorities says". https://www.cbsnews.com/news/catalan-referendum-police-fire-rubber-bullets-at-protesters-outside-polling-station/. 
  307. Borràs, Enric (1 October 2017). "Així ha sigut el setge a l'Escola Ramon Llull: resistència pacífica que no es rendeix ni perdent" (in ca). Diari Ara. https://www.ara.cat/politica/Setge-Ramon-Llull-resistencia-pacifica_0_1879612221.html. 
  308. "El 'pacifista' catalán que lanzó una valla a un Antidisturbios el 1-O [The 'pacifist' Catalan who threw a fence against an anti-riot agent on 1-O"]. El Independiente. 23 November 2017. https://www.elindependiente.com/politica/2017/11/23/pacifista-valla-antidisturbios-1-o/. 
  309. "Policía dispara pelotas de goma al quedar atrapados cerca colegio Ramon Llull [Police shoot rubber balls when they get trapped near Ramon Llull school"]. La Vanguardia. 1 October 2017. http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171001/431696318077/policia-dispara-pelotas-de-goma-al-quedar-atrapados-cerca-colegio-ramon-llull.html. 
  310. "Salvajes ataques a la Guardia Civil en las calles de Cataluña [Wild attacks on the Civil Guard in the streets of Catalonia"]. La Razón. 1 October 2017. https://www.larazon.es/espana/salvajes-ataques-a-la-guardia-civil-en-las-calles-de-cataluna-BM16381055. 
  311. "Tensión, lanzamiento de vallas y carga policial contra los manifestantes en pleno barrio del Eixample en Barcelona [Tension, hurling of fences and police charge against protesters in the Barcelona's Eixample district"]. La Sexta. 1 October 2017. http://www.lasexta.com/noticias/nacional/carga-policiales-en-el-centro-de-barcelona-ante-la-protesta-de-los-ciudadanos_2017100159d0aad00cf2136979922afa.html. 
  312. "El herido por bala de goma el 1-O se querella contra tres policías". El Periódico. 14 November 2017. https://www.elperiodico.com/es/sociedad/20171114/el-hombre-que-perdio-la-vision-de-un-ojo-el-1-o-deseo-que-las-balas-de-goma-no-se-utilicen-mas-6422300. ""Quiero ser el último herido por pelota de goma en el Estado español"." 
  313. "El herido por bala de goma en el 1-O perderá visión de un ojo". La Vanguardia. http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171011/431984333010/herido-bala-goma-1-o-vision-ojo.html. 
  314. "El herido en el ojo por bala de goma el 1-O pide al juez que identifique al agente de la Policía que le disparó". 14 November 2017. https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/herido-identificar-escopetero-Policia-disparo_0_707979273.html. 
  315. null
  316. null
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  319. Cotovio, Vasco (1 October 2017). "Hundreds injured as Spain cracks down on Catalan referendum". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/01/europe/catalonia-spain-independence-referendum-vote/index.html. 
  320. Serra, Ot (20 April 2018). "El govern espanyol va quadruplicar la xifra d'agents ferits l'1-O" (in ca). Ara. https://www.ara.cat/politica/govern-espanyol-quadruplicar-dagents-ferits_0_2000200024.html. 
  321. García, Jesús; Pérez, Fernando J. (2019-02-28). "Sáenz de Santamaría denuncia la "violencia" del 'procés' y avala el relato de la Fiscalía" (in es). El País. ISSN 1134-6582. https://elpais.com/politica/2019/02/27/actualidad/1551269789_010357.html. 
  322. "Un traumatisme al dit, entre les lesions més greus dels policies nacionals l'1-O" (in ca). 3/24. 2 February 2018. http://www.ccma.cat/324/un-traumatisme-al-dit-entre-les-lesions-mes-greus-als-policies-nacionals-l1-o/noticia/2835593/. 
  323. Ordaz, Rebeca Carranco, Pablo (5 October 2017). "How the independence referendum has split the Catalan police force". El País. https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/05/inenglish/1507203703_043732.html. 
  324. "Archived copy". http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/docs/2017/10/20/11/15/232799c8-755f-4810-ba56-0a5bbb78609c.pdf. 
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  326. "Les càrregues policials de l'1-O van ferir 23 persones més grans de 79 anys i dos nens de menys d'onze". 20 October 2017. http://www.ara.cat/societat/carregues-policials-ferir-persones-grans_0_1891011011.html. 
  327. "Salut demandarà Martínez-Maillo per titllar de "gran farsa" la xifra de 893 ferits". Ccma.cat. 2017-10-03. http://www.ccma.cat/324/salut-posara-una-demanda-civil-contra-martinez-maillo-per-titllar-de-frau-els-893-ferits/noticia/2812621/. 
  328. Sallent, Josep (20 February 2018). "Un guàrdia civil de l'1-O a Castellgalí contradiu l'atestat i admet la resistència passiva dels veïns" (in ca). Regió7. http://www.regio7.cat/fet-divers/2018/02/19/guardia-civil-l1-castellgali-contradiu/460928.html. 
  329. Balcells, Laia; Dorsey, Spencer; Tellez, Juan F. (2020). "Repression and Dissent in Contemporary Catalonia" (in en). British Journal of Political Science 51 (4): 1742–1750. doi:10.1017/S0007123420000307. ISSN 0007-1234.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123420000307
  330. Duarte, Esteban. "Catalans Think Twice About Risks of Rupture as Jobs Return". https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-09/catalans-think-twice-about-risks-of-rupture-as-good-life-returns. 
  331. Kollmeyer, Barbara. "5 things investors need to know about Catalonia's independence referendum". http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-investors-need-to-know-about-catalonias-independence-referendum-2017-09-28. 
  332. Baquero, Camilo S. (14 October 2017). "La CUP exige a Puigdemont que responda "nítidamente" que declaró la independencia" (in es). El País. https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/14/catalunya/1507982674_623828.html. 
  333. Juan Carlos Merino, Luis B. García (11 October 2017). "Sánchez acuerda con Rajoy abordar la reforma de la Constitución a cambio de apoyarle". La Vanguardia. http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171011/431980233564/pedro-sanchez-rajoy-requerimiento-declaracion-de-independenciac.html. 
  334. "Catalan president doesn't clarify whether he declared independence". Politico. 16 October 2017. http://www.politico.eu/article/catalan-president-doesnt-clarify-whether-he-declared-independence/. 
  335. Minder, Raphael (16 October 2017). "Catalonia's Leader, Facing Deadline, Won't Say if Region Declared Independence". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/16/world/europe/catalonia-spain-independence.html. 
  336. Jones, Sam (16 October 2017). "Catalan president Carles Puigdemont ignores Madrid's ultimatum". The Guardian (Madrid). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/16/catalan-president-carles-puigdemont-ignores-madrids-ultimatum. 
  337. Couzens, Gerard (16 October 2017). "Furious Spain sets Catalonia new deadline as it REFUSES to confirm independence". Daily Express. http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/866931/Catalonia-latest-news-independence-Puigdemont-Spain-direct-rule. 
  338. "El Gobierno podría frenar el artículo 155 en caso de que Puigdemont convoque elecciones. Noticias de Cataluña". 18 October 2017. https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/cataluna/2017-10-18/independencia-cataluna-gobierno-rajoy-carles-puigdemont-elecciones_1462694/. 
  339. Jones, Sam (19 October 2017). "Spain to impose direct rule as Catalonia leader refuses to back down". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/18/spain-direct-rule-catalonia-deadline-direct-rule. 
  340. "Catalan independence crisis escalates". BBC News. 27 October 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41780116. 
  341. "Catalan Parliament Votes for Independence From Spain". NBC4 Washington. https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/national-international/Spain-Catalonia-Secession-Vote-453568293.html. 
  342. Piñol, Pere Ríos, Àngels (27 October 2017). "El Parlament de Cataluña aprueba la resolución para declarar la independencia" (in es). El País. https://elpais.com/ccaa/2017/10/27/catalunya/1509105810_557081.html. 
  343. Booth, William; Rolfe, Pamela (27 October 2017). "Spain to impose direct rule over Catalonia after region declares independence". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/a-day-of-fireworks-in-catalonia-both-spanish-and-catalan-parliaments-are-scheduled-to-convene/2017/10/27/09685d34-ba90-11e7-9b93-b97043e57a22_story.html. 
  344. "Catalonia just declared independence from Spain". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/spain-article-155-catalonia-independence-referendum-2017-10. 
  345. "Spain's Senate approves powers to remove Catalan government". 27 October 2017. https://www.thelocal.es/20171027/breaking-spains-senate-approves-powers-to-dissolve-catalan-government. 
  346. "Spanish PM dissolves Catalan parliament". BBC News. 27 October 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41783289. 
  347. "El TC suspende la comisión de la Generalitat para investigar la violación de derechos el 1-O". 16 January 2018. https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180116/4455957636/tribunal-constitucional-suspende-comision-generalitat-violacion-derechos-referendum-1o.html. 
  348. "Catalonia media reflects polarised Spanish society". BBC News. 6 October 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41517569. 
  349. "El Consejo de Informativos de TVE pide la "dimisión inmediata" de la dirección por la cobertura del 1-O". Diario Público. 2 October 2017. http://www.publico.es/actualidad/consejo-informativos-tve-pide-dimision-inmediata-direccion-cobertura-1.html. 
  350. "Denuncian la "manipulación" de TV3 y Catalunya Ràdio en la detención de la alcaldesa de Berga". 5 November 2016. http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2016/11/05/581e1dea46163f45028b4570.html. 
  351. Preston, Peter (8 October 2017). "Violence in Catalonia needed closer scrutiny in age of fake news". The Guardian. https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/08/catalonia-demo-injuries-fact-checking. "With fake news apparently leaking from every media orifice, you'd have hoped for a little more diligence over those Catalan referendum demonstration figures and images. Over to the fact-checkers … (...) The reporting of what happened – including the detail of those 893 injured voters – hadn't been independently checked." 
  352. "No, la mujer a la que se llevó la Guardia Civil en volandas no se hizo una foto con Otegi" (in es). El Confidencial. 3 October 2017. http://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/mujer-llevo-policia-volandas-Otegi_0_693981008.html. 
  353. "El bulo de 'Okdiario' y 'Periodista Digital' sobre la "pacífica abuelita" del 1-O" (in es). Público. 5 October 2017. http://www.publico.es/tremending/2017/10/05/la-prensa-seria-el-bulo-de-okdiario-y-periodista-digital-sobre-la-pacifica-abuelita-del-1-o/. 
  354. "Ripples from Catalan referendum could extend beyond Spain". The Guardian . 2 October 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/02/ripples-from-catalan-referendum-could-extend-beyond-spain
  355. "Police brutality has made any long-term solution to the Catalan question increasingly difficult". The Independent. 1 October 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/catalan-catalonia-independence-referendum-make-the-question-harder-a7976946.html
  356. "Spain's media spin on Catalonia". Al-Jazeera. 10 October 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2017/10/spain-media-spin-catalonia-171008112952501.html
  357. "European Commission refuses to condemn Spanish police violence in Catalonia as UN demands investigation ". The Daily Telegraph. 2 October 2017. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/02/european-commission-refuses-condemn-spanish-police-violence/
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  361. "Analysts: Russia May Be Helping Catalonia Secessionists". VOA. 29 September 2017. https://www.voanews.com/a/analysts-russia-may-be-helping-catalonia-secessionists/4050196.html. """It's not that Russia necessarily wants the independence of Catalonia. What it's principally seeking is to foment divisions to gradually undermine Europe's democracy and institutions," said Brett Schaffer, an analyst of the Alliance to Safeguard Democracy, a project supported by the German Marshall Fund, which monitors pro-Kremlin information networks. "" 
  362. "Catalan referendum stokes fears of Russian influence". Politico. 30 September 2017. http://www.politico.eu/article/russia-catalonia-referendum-fake-news-misinformation/. 
  363. "Dos documentals recuperen els fets de l'1-O" (in ca). RAC 1. 10 January 2018. https://www.rac1.cat/info-rac1/20180105/434073791735/dos-documentals-recuperen-els-fets-de-l1-o.html. 
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  367. Pujols, Marcel (4 January 2018). "A Sound of Thunder ja té videoclip per a la versió d'"Els Segadors"" (in ca). Enderrock. http://www.enderrock.cat/noticia/16169/sound/of/thunder/ja/videoclip/versio/segadors. 
  368. "Morrissey utilitza imatges de les càrregues de l'1-O a la seva gira mundial" (in ca). El Nacional. 6 March 2018. https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/morrissey-referendum-policia_245433_102.html. 
  369. "Brussel hosts ballot boxes for freedom". Catalonia Today. 18 May 2018. http://www.cataloniatoday.cat/article/1395726-brussel-hosts-ballot-boxes-for-freedom.html. 
  370. "Brussel·les inaugura l'exposició "55 Urnes per la llibertat" sobre l'1-O" (in ca). El Món. 15 June 2018. http://elmon.cat/politica/brusselles-inaugura-lexposicio-55-urnes-llibertat-sobre-l1. 
  371. "Netflix usa el referéndum de Cataluña para promocionar la cuarta temporada de Black Mirror" (in es). Clarín. 16 January 2018. https://www.clarin.com/mundo/netflix-usa-referendum-cataluna-promocionar-cuarta-temporada-black-mirror_0_BkhI7oo4M.html. 
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  373. "Sánchez intenta reactivar la mesa de diálogo antes del próximo jueves". 12 September 2020. https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20200905/483410117073/sanchez-torra-mesa-dialogo-gobierno-generalitat.html. 
  374. Cué, Carlos (28 February 2020). "Catalan talks start with three hours of 'therapy' about the origins of the crisis". El País. https://english.elpais.com/politics/catalonia_independence/2020-02-28/catalan-talks-start-with-three-hours-of-therapy-about-the-origins-of-the-crisis.html. 
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