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HandWiki. Sage. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33118 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Sage. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33118. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Sage" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33118 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 05). Sage. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/33118
HandWiki. "Sage." Encyclopedia. Web. 05 November, 2022.
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A sage (Ancient Greek:, sophos), in classical philosophy, is someone who has attained wisdom. The term has also been used interchangeably with a 'good person' (Ancient Greek:, agathos), and a 'virtuous person' (Ancient Greek:, spoudaios). Among the earliest accounts of the sage begin with Empedocles' Sphairos. Horace describes the Sphairos as "Completely within itself, well-rounded and spherical, so that nothing extraneous can adhere to it, because of its smooth and polished surface." Alternatively, the sage is one who lives "according to an ideal which transcends the everyday." Several of the schools of Hellenistic philosophy have the sage as a featured figure. Karl Ludwig Michelet wrote that "Greek religion culminated with its true god, the sage"; Pierre Hadot develops this idea, stating that "the moment philosophers achieve a rational conception of God based on the model of the sage, Greece surpasses its mythical representation of its gods." Indeed, the actions of the sage are propounded to be how a god would act in the same situation.
model
empedocles'
wisdom
References
- Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life, trans. Michael Chase. Blackwell Publishing, 1995.The Figure of Socrates, p. 147
- Plato. The Republic, 387d.
- "Plato, Theaetetus, section 176b". https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0172:text=Theaet.:section=176b.
- Pierre Hadot (1995). Philosophy as a Way of Life, trans. Michael Chase. Blackwell Publishing, p. 58."Forms of Life and Forms of Discourse in Ancient Philosophy", Critical Inquiry, Vol. 16, No. 3 (Spring, 1990), pp. 483–505.
- Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life, trans. Michael Chase. Blackwell Publishing, 1995.The View from Above, p. 243
- Emily Wilson (2014). The Greatest Empire: A Life of Seneca. Oxford University Press. p. 74The excerpt Wilson translates from is cited as 'Fragment 5'
- Pierre Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life, trans. Michael Chase. Blackwell Publishing, 1995.Only the Present is our Happiness, p. 226
- Arius Didymus, Epitome of Stoic Ethics, trans. Arthur J. Pomeroy, p. 73 (John Stobaeus, Anthology, 2.7.11g)
- Annas, Julia. The Sage in Ancient Philosophy http://www.u.arizona.edu/~jannas/Published%20Articles/sage.pdf/
- Pierre Hadot, The Inner Citadel, trans. Michael Chase. Harvard University Press, 1998.The Discipline Of Actions, Or Action In The Service Of Mankind, p. 192
- Russell, Bertrand (2004). A History of Western Philosophy. Routledge. p. 243. ISBN 978-1134343676. https://books.google.com/books?id=81Zz27fQuvsC&pg=PA243.
- Roots, Peter. "The Stoic Sage and The Decline of Stoicism". ancientworlds.net. http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/497576.
- Baltzly, Dirk (18 April 2018). "Stoicism". in Zalta, Edward N.. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/.
- Stoic Ethics. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/stoicism.htm#H4
- John Sellers, Stoicism p. 37, University of California Press
- R.J.Hankinson, Stoic Epistemology, in The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, Brad Inwood editor, p. 59
- M.Andrew Holowchak, The Stoics, A Guide for the Perplexed, pp. 19–25
- Meditations, Marcus Aurelius, trans. Maxwell Staniforth. §4.24
- G. Reydams-Schils. "Authority and Agency in Stoicism". academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/6818563.
- Richard Kreitner. "The Stoics and the Epicureans on Friendship, Sex, and Love". http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Stoics-and-the-Epicureans-on-Friendship-Sex-and-Love.php.
- "Epictetus – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". utm.edu. http://www.iep.utm.edu/epictetu/.
- Meditations, Marcus Aurelius, trans. Maxwell Staniforth. §5.32
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