1. Landforms by Process

Landforms organized by the processes that create them.

1.1. Aeolian

Coastal and oceanic landforms include:

• Earth:Abyssal fan – Underwater geological structures associated with large-scale sediment deposition
• Earth:Abyssal plain – Flat area on the deep ocean floor
• Earth:Archipelago – Collection of islands
• Earth:Atoll – Ring-shaped coral reef
• Arch – Natural rock formation where a rock arch forms
• Earth:Barrier island – Coastal dune landform that forms by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast
• Earth:Bay – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake
• Earth:Baymouth bar – Sandbank that partially or completely closes access to a bay
• Earth:Beach – Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water
• Earth:Raised beach – Emergent coastal landform
• Earth:Beach cusps – Shoreline formations made up of various grades of sediment in an arc pattern
• Earth:Beach ridge – Wave-swept or wave-deposited ridge running parallel to a shoreline
• Bight – Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature
• Blowhole – Hole at the top of a sea-cave which allows waves to force water or spray out of the hole
• Channel – Type of landform in which part of a body of water is confined to a relatively narrow but long region
• Cape – Large headland extending into a body of water, usually the sea
• Earth:Calanque – Narrow, steep-walled inlet on the Mediterranean coast
• Earth:Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
• Earth:Coast – Area where land meets the sea or ocean
• Earth:Continental shelf – Coastal and oceanic landform
• Earth:Coral reef – Outcrop of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of stony coral skeletons
• Earth:Cove – Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet
• Earth:Cuspate foreland – Geographical features found on coastlines and lakeshores
• Dune system – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
• Earth:Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
• Earth:Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits
• Earth:Fjard – Glacially formed, broad, shallow inlet
• Earth:Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity
• Geo – Inlet, a gully or a narrow and deep cleft in the face of a cliff
• Earth:Gulf – Large inlet from the ocean into the landmass
  • Earth:List of gulfs
• Earth:Headland – Landform extending into a body of water, often with significant height and drop
• Earth:Inlet – Indentation of a shoreline
• Earth:Island – Any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water
• Earth:Islet – Very small island
• Earth:Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform
• Earth:Machair – Fertile low-lying grassy plain
• Earth:Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
• Earth:Oceanic basin – Geologic basin under the sea
• Earth:Oceanic plateau – Relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed
• Earth:Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
• Earth:Peninsula – Landform surrounded mostly, but not entirely by water
• Earth:Ria – A coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley
• Earth:Salt marsh – Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
• Earth:Sea cave – Cave formed by the wave action of the sea and located along present or former coastlines
• Earth:Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
• Earth:Shoal – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
• Earth:Shore – The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water
• Sound – A long, relatively wide body of water, connecting two larger bodies of water
• Spit – Coastal bar or beach landform deposited by longshore drift
• Earth:Strait – Naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water
• Earth:Strandflat – Type of landform found in high-latitude areas
• Stack – Geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock, and stump
• Earth:Submarine canyon – A steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope
• Earth:Surge channel – Type of coastal landform
• Earth:Tessellated pavement – Relatively flat rock surface that is subdivided into more or less regular shapes by fractures
• Earth:Tidal marsh – Marsh subject to tidal change in water
• Earth:Tide pool – Rocky pool on a seashore, separated from the sea at low tide, filled with seawater
• Earth:Tombolo – Deposition landform in which an island is connected to the mainland by a sandy isthmus
• Earth:Volcanic arc – Chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate
• Earth:Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion

1.2. Cryogenic Landforms

• Cryoplanation terrace – Formation of plains, terraces and pediments in periglacial environments
• Earth:Lithalsa – Frost-induced raised land form in permafrost areas
• Nivation hollow – Geomorphic processes associated with snow patches
• Earth:Palsa – A low, often oval, frost heave occurring in polar and subpolar climates
• Earth:Pingo – Mound of earth-covered ice
• Earth:Rock glacier – Glacial landform
• Earth:Solifluction lobes and sheets
• Earth:Thermokarst

1.3. Erosion Landforms

Landforms produced by erosion and weathering usually occur in coastal or fluvial environments, and many also appear under those headings.

• Earth:Arête – Narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys
• Earth:Badlands – Type of heavily eroded terrain
• Earth:Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
• Earth:Canyon – Deep ravine between cliffs
• Earth:Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
• Earth:Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
• Earth:Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
• Cryoplanation terrace – Formation of plains, terraces and pediments in periglacial environments
• Earth:Cuesta – Hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other
• Earth:Dissected plateau – Plateaux area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp
• Erg – Broad area of desert covered with wind-swept sand
• Earth:Exhumed river channel – Ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away
• Earth:Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity
• Earth:Flared slope – Rock-wall with a smooth transition into a concavity at the foot zone
• Flatiron – Steeply sloping triangular landform
• Earth:Gulch – Deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion
• Earth:Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
• Hogback – Long, narrow ridge
• Hoodoo – Tall, thin spire of relatively soft rock usually topped by harder rock
• Earth:Homoclinal ridge – Ridge with a moderate sloping backslope and steeper frontslope
• Earth:Inselberg, also known as Monadnock – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
• Astronomy:Inverted relief – Landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features
• Earth:Lavaka – Type of gully, formed via groundwater sapping
• Earth:Limestone pavement – Natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone
• Earth:Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs
• Earth:Mushroom rock – Naturally occurring rock whose shape resembles a mushroom
• Earth:Natural arch – Natural rock formation where a rock arch forms
• Earth:Paleosurface – Surface made by erosion of considerable antiquity
• Pediment – Very gently sloping inclined bedrock surface
• Earth:Pediplain – Extensive plain formed by the diposition of pediments
• Earth:Peneplain – Low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion
• Earth:Planation surface – Large-scale surface that is almost flat
• Potrero – Long mesa that at one end slopes upward to higher terrain
• Earth:Ridge – Chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance
• Earth:Rôche moutonnée
• Earth:List of rock formations – Wikipedia list article
• Strike ridge – Ridge with a moderate sloping backslope and steeper frontslope
• Structural bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
• Structural terrace – A step-like landform
• Earth:Tepui – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
• Earth:Tessellated pavement – Relatively flat rock surface that is subdivided into more or less regular shapes by fractures
• Earth:Truncated spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
• Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit
• Earth:Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
• Earth:Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion

1.4. Fluvial Landforms

 landforms include: 

• Earth:Ait – Islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England
• Earth:Alluvial fan – Fan-shaped deposit of sediment
• Earth:Anabranch – A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main channel and rejoins it downstream.
• Arroyo – Dry creek or stream bed with flow after rain
• Earth:Asymmetric valley – Valley that has steeper slopes on one side
• Earth:Backswamp – Environment on a floodplain where deposits settle after a flood
• Bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
• Earth:Bayou – French term for a body of water typically found in flat, low-lying area
• Bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
• Braided channel – Network of river channels separated by small, and often temporary, islands
• Earth:Canyon – Deep ravine between cliffs
• Earth:Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
• Earth:Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
• Earth:Cut bank – Outside bank of a water channel, which is continually undergoing erosion
• Earth:Crevasse splay – Sediment deposited on a floodplain by a stream which breaks its levees
• Earth:Confluence – Meeting of two or more bodies of flowing water
• Earth:Drainage basin – Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet
• Earth:Drainage divide – Elevated terrain that separates neighbouring drainage basins
• Earth:Endorheic basin – Closed drainage basin that allows no outflow
• Earth:Esker – Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
• Earth:Exhumed river channel – Ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away
• Earth:Floodplain – Land adjacent to a river which is flooded during periods of high discharge
• Fluvial island – Exposed land within a river.
• Earth:Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys
• Gorge – Deep ravine between cliffs
• Earth:Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
• Natural Earth:Levee – Ridge or wall to hold back water
• Earth:Marsh – Wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species
• Earth:Meander – One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured stream
• Earth:Misfit stream – River too large or too small to have eroded the valley or cave passage in which it flows
• Earth:Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool
• Earth:Point bar – Landform related to streams and rivers
• Earth:Plunge pool – Depression at the base of a waterfall
• Earth:Riffle – Shallow landform in a flowing channel
• Earth:River – Natural flowing watercourse
• Earth:River island – Exposed land within a river.
• Earth:Rock-cut basin – Cylindrical depression cut into stream or river beds
• Shut-in – Type of rock formation found in Ozarks streams
• Earth:Thalweg – Line of lowest elevation in a watercourse or valley
• Towhead – Exposed land within a river.
• Earth:Shoal – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
• Earth:Strath – Large valley
• Earth:Stream – Body of surface water flowing down a channel
• Earth:Stream pool – Stretch of a river or stream in which the water is relatively deep and slow moving
• Earth:Swamp – A forested wetland
• Earth:Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
• Earth:Wadi – River valley, especially a dry riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain
• Earth:Waterfall – Natural river formation
• Watershed – Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet
• Earth:Yazoo stream – Hydrologic term
• Earth:V-shaped valley

1.5. Impact Landforms

Landforms created by extraterrestrial impacts – Collision of two astronomical objects with measurable effects – include:

• Astronomy:Complex crater – Large impact craters with uplifted centres
• Astronomy:Impact crater – Circular depression on a solid astronomical body formed by a smaller object's impact
• Earth:Impact crater lake

1.6. Karst Landforms

Earth:Karst – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks – includes:

• Earth:Abîme – Geographical term referring to vertical shaft in caves
• Earth:Calanque – Narrow, steep-walled inlet on the Mediterranean coast
• Earth:Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
• Earth:Foiba – Type of deep natural sinkhole
• Earth:Mogote – Steep-sided residual hill of limestone, marble, or dolomite on a flat plain
• Earth:Polje – Type of large flat plain found in karstic geological regions
• Earth:Sinkhole – Depression or hole in the ground caused by collapse of the surface into an existing void space
• Turlough – Type of seasonal or periodic lake found in limestone areas of Ireland
• Uvala – Toponym for a closed karst depression

1.7. Lacustrine Landforms

Lacustrine – associated with lakes – landforms include:

• Earth:Beach – Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water
• Earth:Raised beach – Emergent coastal landform
• Earth:Dry lake – Basin or depression that formerly contained a standing surface water body
• Earth:Endorheic basin – Closed drainage basin that allows no outflow
• Earth:Lacustrine plain – Lakes filled by sediment
• Lacustrine terraces – A step-like landform
• Earth:Lake – Large body of relatively still water
• Earth:Oasis – Fertile area in a desert environment
• Earth:Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool
• Earth:Pond – Relatively small body of standing water
• Earth:Proglacial lake – Lake formed by the action of ice
• Salt pan, also known as salt flat – Flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals

1.8. Mountain and Glacial Landforms

Mountain and Earth:Glacial landform – Landform created by the action of glacierss – include:

• Earth:Arête – Narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys
• Earth:Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
• Earth:Col – Lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks
• Earth:Crevasse
• Corrie – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion or cwm
• Cove (mountain) – Small valley in the Appalachian Mountains between two ridge lines
• Earth:Dirt cone – Depositional glacial feature of ice or snow with an insulating layer of dirt
• Earth:Esker – Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
• Earth:Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity
• Earth:Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys
• Flyggberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
• Earth:Glacier – Persistent body of ice that is moving under its own weight
• Earth:Glacier cave – Cave formed within the ice of a glacier
• Earth:Glacier foreland – The region between the current leading edge of the glacier and the moraines of latest maximum
• Earth:Hill – Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain
• Earth:Inselberg, also known as monadnock – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
• Earth:Kame – Mound formed on a retreating glacier and deposited on land
• Earth:Kame delta – Glacial melt water landform
• Kettle – Depression/hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters
• Earth:Moraine – Glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated debris
  • Earth:Rogen moraine, also known as Ribbed moraines – Landform of ridges deposited by a glacier or ice sheet transverse to ice flow
• Moulin – Shaft within a glacier or ice sheet which water enters from the surface
• Earth:Mountain – Large and tall landform
• Earth:Mountain pass – Route through a mountain range or over a ridge
• Earth:Mountain range – Geographic area containing several geologically related mountains
• Earth:Nunatak – Landform within an ice field or glacier
• Earth:Proglacial lake – Lake formed by the action of ice
• Earth:Pyramidal peak, also known as Glacial horn – Angular, sharply pointed mountainous peak
• Earth:Outwash fan – Fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier
• Earth:Outwash plain – Plain formed from glacier sediment that was transported by meltwater.
• Earth:Rift valley – Linear lowland created by a tectonic rift or fault
• Earth:Rôche moutonnée
• Sandur – Plain formed from glacier sediment that was transported by meltwater.
• Earth:Side valley
• Earth:Summit – Point on a surface with a higher elevation than all immediately adjacent points
• Earth:Trim line – Clear line on the side of a valley marking the most recent highest extent of the glacier
• Earth:Truncated spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
• Earth:Tunnel valley – Glacial-formed geographic feature
• Earth:Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
• Earth:U-shaped valley – Valleys formed by glacial scouring

1.9. Slope Landforms

Slope landforms include:

• Bluff – Tall, near vertical rock face
• Earth:Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
• Earth:Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
• Earth:Col – Lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks
• Earth:Cuesta – Hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other
• Dale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
• Defile – Narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills
• Dell – Small secluded hollow
• Draw – Terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between
• Earth:Escarpment, also known as scarp – Steep slope or cliff separating two relatively level regions
• Earth:Flat (landform) – Relatively level surface of land within a region of greater relief
• Earth:Glen – Name for valley commonly used in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man
• Earth:Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
• Earth:Hill – Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain
• Earth:Hillock, also known as Knoll – Small hill
• Earth:Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs
• Earth:Mountain pass – Route through a mountain range or over a ridge
• Earth:Plain – Expanse of land which is mostly flat and treeless
• Earth:Plateau – Highland area, usually of relatively flat terrain
• Earth:Ravine – Small valley, often due to stream erosion
• Earth:Ridge – Chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance
• Earth:Rock shelter – A shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff
• Earth:Scree – Broken rock fragments at base of cliff
• Earth:Solifluction lobes and sheets
• Earth:Strath – Large valley
• Earth:Summit – Point on a surface with a higher elevation than all immediately adjacent points
• Terrace – A step-like landform
• Earth:Terracette – Small natural step-arranged soil ridges on hillsides
• Vale
• Earth:Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it

1.10. Tectonic Landforms

Landforms created by tectonic activity include:

• Earth:Asymmetric valley – Valley that has steeper slopes on one side
• Dome – Geological deformation structure
• Faceted spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
• Earth:Fault scarp – Small vertical offset on the ground surface
• Earth:Graben – Depressed block of planetary crust bordered by parallel normal faults
• Horst – Raised fault block bounded by normal faults
• Earth:Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
• Earth:Mud volcano – Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases
• Earth:Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
• Earth:Pull-apart basin – Type of basin in geology
• Earth:Rift valley – Linear lowland created by a tectonic rift or fault
• Earth:Sand boil – Cone formed by the ejection of sand on a surface from a central point

1.11. Volcanic Landforms

Volcanic landforms include:

• Earth:Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
• Earth:Cinder cone – Steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments around a volcanic vent
• Earth:Complex volcano – Landform of more than one related volcanic centre
• Astronomy:Cryovolcano – Type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock
• Earth:Diatreme – A volcanic pipe formed by a gaseous explosion
• Dike – A sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body
• Earth:Geyser – Hydrothermal explosion of hot water
• Earth:Guyot – Isolated, flat-topped underwater volcano mountain
• Earth:Hornito – Conical structures built up by lava ejected through an opening in the crust of a lava flow
• Earth:Kīpuka – Area of land surrounded by one or more younger lava flows
• Earth:Lava – Molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption
• Earth:Lava dome – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
• Earth:Lava field, also known as lava plain – One or more flows of lava over a flat area of land, covering all or most of the area
• Earth:Lava lake – Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater
• Earth:Lava spine – Vertical growth of solid volcanic lava
• Earth:Lava tube – Natural conduit through which lava flows beneath the solid surface
• Earth:Maar – Low-relief volcanic crater
• Malpais – Rough and barren landscape of relict and largely uneroded lava fields
• Mamelon – Rock formation created by eruption of relatively thick or stiff lava through a narrow vent
• Earth:Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
• Earth:Pit crater – Depression formed by a sinking or collapse of the surface lying above a void or empty chamber
• Earth:Pyroclastic shield – Shield volcano formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions
• Earth:Resurgent dome – Dome formed by swelling or rising of a caldera floor due to movement in the magma chamber beneath it
• Earth:Rootless cone, also known as pseudocrater – Volcanic landform
• Earth:Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
• Earth:Shield volcano – Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows
• Earth:Stratovolcano – Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
• Earth:Somma volcano – Volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone
• Earth:Volcanic crater lake – Lake formed within a volcanic crater
• Earth:Subglacial mound – Volcano formed when lava erupts beneath a thick glacier or ice sheet
• Earth:Submarine volcano – Underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt
• Earth:Supervolcano – Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption
• Earth:Tuya – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
• Earth:Volcanic cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
• Earth:Volcanic crater – Roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity
• Earth:Volcanic dam – Natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism
• Earth:Volcanic field – Area of Earth's crust prone to localized volcanic activity
• Earth:Volcanic group – Collection of related volcanoes or volcanic landforms
• Volcanic island – Island of volcanic origin
• Earth:Volcanic plateau – Plateau produced by volcanic activity
• Earth:Volcanic plug – Volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano
• Earth:Volcano – Rupture in the crust of a planet that allows lava, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface

1.12. Weathering Landforms

Weathering landforms include:

• Earth:Flared slope – Rock-wall with a smooth transition into a concavity at the foot zone
• Flute
• Earth:Inselberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
• Earth:Karst – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
• Nubbin – Small hill of bedrock with rounded residual blocks
• Earth:Panhole – Depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rock (Weathering pit)
• Earth:Tafoni – Small to large indentations in vertical to steeply sloping granular rock
• Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit

2. Landforms by Shape

2.1. Positive Landforms

• Earth:Cinder cone – Steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments around a volcanic vent
• Dome – Geological deformation structure
• Earth:Drumlin – Geological feature formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine
• Earth:Hillock – Small hill
• Earth:Inselberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
• Earth:Lava dome – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
• Earth:Lava spine – Vertical growth of solid volcanic lava
• Earth:Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs
• Earth:Mogote – Steep-sided residual hill of limestone, marble, or dolomite on a flat plain
• Nubbin – Small hill of bedrock with rounded residual blocks
• Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit
• Earth:Tower karst
• Earth:Tuya – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
• Earth:Palsa – A low, often oval, frost heave occurring in polar and subpolar climates
• Earth:Pingo – Mound of earth-covered ice
• Earth:Pyroclastic shield – Shield volcano formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions
• Earth:Resurgent dome – Dome formed by swelling or rising of a caldera floor due to movement in the magma chamber beneath it
• Earth:Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
• Earth:Shield volcano – Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows
• Earth:Stratovolcano – Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
• Earth:Volcanic cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape

2.2. Depressions

• Earth:Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
• Earth:Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
• Earth:Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
• Earth:Crevasse
• Doline – Depression or hole in the ground caused by collapse of the surface into an existing void space
• Earth:Graben – Depressed block of planetary crust bordered by parallel normal faults
• Astronomy:Impact crater – Circular depression on a solid astronomical body formed by a smaller object's impact
• Kettle – Depression/hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters
• Earth:Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform
• Earth:Lake – Large body of relatively still water
• Earth:Lava lake – Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater
• Earth:Maar – Low-relief volcanic crater
• Nivation hollow – Geomorphic processes associated with snow patches
• Earth:Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool
• Earth:Panhole – Depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rock
• Earth:Plunge pool – Depression at the base of a waterfall
• Earth:Pond – Relatively small body of standing water
• Earth:Pull-apart basin – Type of basin in geology
• Earth:Quarry – A place from which a geological material has been excavated from the ground
• Rift – Part of a volcano where a set of linear cracks form
• Earth:Sea cave – Cave formed by the wave action of the sea and located along present or former coastlines
• Earth:Sinkhole – Depression or hole in the ground caused by collapse of the surface into an existing void space
• Earth:Tafoni – Small to large indentations in vertical to steeply sloping granular rock
• Earth:Thermokarst
• Earth:Volcanic crater – Roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity
• Earth:Volcanic dam – Natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism

2.3. Flat Landforms

• Earth:Abyssal fan – Underwater geological structures associated with large-scale sediment deposition
• Earth:Abyssal plain – Flat area on the deep ocean floor
• Bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
• Earth:Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
• Earth:Continental shelf – Coastal and oceanic landform
• Cryoplanation terrace – Formation of plains, terraces and pediments in periglacial environments
• Earth:Dissected plateau – Plateaux area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp
• Earth:Floodplain – Land adjacent to a river which is flooded during periods of high discharge
• Earth:Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys
• Inselberg plain – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
• Lacustrine terrace – A step-like landform
• Earth:Lava field, also known as lava plain – One or more flows of lava over a flat area of land, covering all or most of the area
• Earth:Oceanic basin – Geologic basin under the sea
• Earth:Oceanic plateau – Relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed
• Earth:Outwash fan – Fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier
• Earth:Outwash plain – Plain formed from glacier sediment that was transported by meltwater.
• Earth:Pediplain – Extensive plain formed by the diposition of pediments
• Earth:Peneplain – Low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion
• Earth:Plain – Expanse of land which is mostly flat and treeless
• Earth:Planation surface – Large-scale surface that is almost flat
• Earth:Plateau – Highland area, usually of relatively flat terrain
• Earth:Polje – Type of large flat plain found in karstic geological regions
• Earth:Raised beach, also known as Marine terrace – Emergent coastal landform
• Earth:Salt marsh – Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
• Salt pan – Flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals
• Sandur – Plain formed from glacier sediment that was transported by meltwater.
• Earth:Strandflat – Type of landform found in high-latitude areas
• Earth:Strath – Large valley
• Earth:Swamp – A forested wetland
• Table – Raised landforms that have a flat top
• Earth:Tidal marsh – Marsh subject to tidal change in water
• Earth:Tepui – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
• Earth:Volcanic plateau – Plateau produced by volcanic activity
• Earth:Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion

3. Landforms, Alphabetic

• Earth:Abîme – Geographical term referring to vertical shaft in caves
• Earth:Abyssal fan – Underwater geological structures associated with large-scale sediment deposition
• Earth:Abyssal plain – Flat area on the deep ocean floor
• Earth:Ait – Islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England
• Earth:Alluvial fan – Fan-shaped deposit of sediment
• Earth:Anabranch – A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main channel and rejoins it downstream.
• Arch – Natural rock formation where a rock arch forms
• Earth:Archipelago – Collection of islands
• Earth:Arête – Narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys
• Arroyo – Dry creek or stream bed with flow after rain
• Earth:Atoll – Ring-shaped coral reef
• Earth:Badlands – Type of heavily eroded terrain
• Bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
• Barrier bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
• Earth:Barrier island – Coastal dune landform that forms by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast
• Earth:Bay – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake
• Earth:Baymouth bar – Sandbank that partially or completely closes access to a bay
• Earth:Bayou – French term for a body of water typically found in flat, low-lying area
• Earth:Beach – Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water
• Earth:Beach cusps – Shoreline formations made up of various grades of sediment in an arc pattern
• Earth:Beach ridge – Wave-swept or wave-deposited ridge running parallel to a shoreline
• Bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
• Bight – Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature
• Blowhole – Hole at the top of a sea-cave which allows waves to force water or spray out of the hole
• Blowout – Depressions in a sand dune ecosystem caused by the removal of sediments by wind
• Bluff – Tall, near vertical rock face
• Braided channel – Network of river channels separated by small, and often temporary, islands
• Earth:Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
• Earth:Calanque – Narrow, steep-walled inlet on the Mediterranean coast
• Earth:Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
• Earth:Canyon – Deep ravine between cliffs
• Cape – Large headland extending into a body of water, usually the sea
• Earth:Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
• Channel – Type of landform in which part of a body of water is confined to a relatively narrow but long region
• Earth:Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
• Corrie – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion or cwm
• Earth:Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
• Earth:Coast – Area where land meets the sea or ocean
• Earth:Col – Lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks
• Astronomy:Complex crater – Large impact craters with uplifted centres
• Earth:Complex volcano – Landform of more than one related volcanic centre
• Earth:Confluence – Meeting of two or more bodies of flowing water
• Earth:Continental shelf – Coastal and oceanic landform
• Earth:Coral reef – Outcrop of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of stony coral skeletons
• Earth:Cove – Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet
• Cove (mountain) – Small valley in the Appalachian Mountains between two ridge lines
• Earth:Crevasse splay – Sediment deposited on a floodplain by a stream which breaks its levees
• Earth:Crevasse
• Astronomy:Cryovolcano – Type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock
• Earth:Cuesta – Hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other
• Earth:Cuspate foreland – Geographical features found on coastlines and lakeshores
• Earth:Cut bank – Outside bank of a water channel, which is continually undergoing erosion
• Dale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
• Defile – Narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills
• Dell – Small secluded hollow
• Earth:Desert pavement – Type of desert earth surface
• Earth:Diatreme – A volcanic pipe formed by a gaseous explosion
• Dike – A sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body
• Earth:Dirt cone – Depositional glacial feature of ice or snow with an insulating layer of dirt
• Earth:Dissected plateau – Plateaux area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp
• Doline – Depression or hole in the ground caused by collapse of the surface into an existing void space
• Dome – Geological deformation structure
• Earth:Drainage basin – Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet
• Earth:Drainage divide – Elevated terrain that separates neighbouring drainage basins
• Draw – Terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between
• Earth:Dreikanter – Type of rock
• Earth:Drumlin – Geological feature formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine
• Earth:Dry lake – Basin or depression that formerly contained a standing surface water body
• Earth:Dune – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
• Dune system – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
• Earth:Endorheic basin – Closed drainage basin that allows no outflow
• Erg – Broad area of desert covered with wind-swept sand
• Earth:Escarpment – Steep slope or cliff separating two relatively level regions (scarp)
• Earth:Esker – Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
• Earth:Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
• Earth:Exhumed river channel – Ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away
• Faceted spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
• Earth:Fault scarp – Small vertical offset on the ground surface
• Earth:Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits
• Earth:Fjard – Glacially formed, broad, shallow inlet
• Earth:Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity
• Flat – Relatively level surface of land within a region of greater relief
• Flatiron – Steeply sloping triangular landform
• Earth:Floodplain – Land adjacent to a river which is flooded during periods of high discharge
• Fluvial island – Exposed land within a river.
• Earth:Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys
• Earth:Foiba – Type of deep natural sinkhole
• Geo – Inlet, a gully or a narrow and deep cleft in the face of a cliff
• Earth:Geyser – Hydrothermal explosion of hot water
• Glacial horn – Angular, sharply pointed mountainous peak
• Earth:Glacier cave – Cave formed within the ice of a glacier
• Earth:Glacier foreland – The region between the current leading edge of the glacier and the moraines of latest maximum
• Earth:Glacier – Persistent body of ice that is moving under its own weight
• Earth:Glen – Name for valley commonly used in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man
• Gorge – Deep ravine between cliffs
• Earth:Graben – Depressed block of planetary crust bordered by parallel normal faults
• Gulf
• Earth:Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
• Earth:Guyot – Isolated, flat-topped underwater volcano mountain
• Earth:Headland – Landform extending into a body of water, often with significant height and drop
• Earth:Hill – Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain
• Hogback – Long, narrow ridge
• Earth:Homoclinal ridge – Ridge with a moderate sloping backslope and steeper frontslope
• Hoodoo – Tall, thin spire of relatively soft rock usually topped by harder rock
• Horst – Raised fault block bounded by normal faults
• Astronomy:Impact crater – Circular depression on a solid astronomical body formed by a smaller object's impact
• Earth:Inlet – Indentation of a shoreline
• Astronomy:Inverted relief – Landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features
• Earth:Island – Any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water
• Earth:Islet – Very small island
• Earth:Kame delta – Glacial melt water landform
• Earth:Kame – Mound formed on a retreating glacier and deposited on land
• Earth:Karst – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
• Karst valley – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
• Kettle – Depression/hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters
• Earth:Kīpuka – Area of land surrounded by one or more younger lava flows
• Knoll – Small hill
• Earth:Lacustrine plain – Lakes filled by sediment
• Earth:Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform
• Earth:Lake – Large body of relatively still water
• Earth:Lava dome – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
• Earth:Lava – Molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption
• Earth:Lava lake – Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater
• Earth:Lava field, also known as lava plain – One or more flows of lava over a flat area of land, covering all or most of the area
• Earth:Lava spine – Vertical growth of solid volcanic lava
• Earth:Lava tube – Natural conduit through which lava flows beneath the solid surface
• Earth:Lavaka – Type of gully, formed via groundwater sapping
• Earth:Levee – Ridge or wall to hold back water, natural
• Earth:Limestone pavement – Natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone
• Earth:Loess – Sediment of accumulated wind-blown dust
• Lacustrine terraces – A step-like landform
• Earth:Maar – Low-relief volcanic crater
• Earth:Machair – Fertile low-lying grassy plain
• Malpaís – Rough and barren landscape of relict and largely uneroded lava fields
• Mamelon – Rock formation created by eruption of relatively thick or stiff lava through a narrow vent
• Marine terrace – Emergent coastal landform
• Earth:Marsh – Wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species
• Earth:Meander – One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured stream
• Earth:Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs
• Earth:Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
• Earth:Mogote – Steep-sided residual hill of limestone, marble, or dolomite on a flat plain
• Monadnock – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
• Earth:Moraine – Glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated debris
• Moulin – Shaft within a glacier or ice sheet which water enters from the surface
• Earth:Mountain – Large and tall landform
• Earth:Mountain pass – Route through a mountain range or over a ridge
• Earth:Mountain range – Geographic area containing several geologically related mountains
• Earth:Mud volcano – Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases
• Earth:Mushroom rock – Naturally occurring rock whose shape resembles a mushroom
• Earth:Natural arch – Natural rock formation where a rock arch forms
• Earth:Nunatak – Landform within an ice field or glacier
• Earth:Oasis – Fertile area in a desert environment
• Earth:Oceanic basin – Geologic basin under the sea
• Earth:Oceanic plateau – Relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed
• Earth:Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
• Earth:Outwash fan – Fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier
• Earth:Outwash plain – Plain formed from glacier sediment that was transported by meltwater.
• Earth:Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool
• Pediment – Very gently sloping inclined bedrock surface
• Earth:Pediplain – Extensive plain formed by the diposition of pediments
• Earth:Peneplain – Low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion
• Earth:Peninsula – Landform surrounded mostly, but not entirely by water
• Earth:Pingo – Mound of earth-covered ice
• Earth:Pit crater – Depression formed by a sinking or collapse of the surface lying above a void or empty chamber
• Earth:Plain – Expanse of land which is mostly flat and treeless
• Earth:Plateau – Highland area, usually of relatively flat terrain
• Earth:Plunge pool – Depression at the base of a waterfall
• Earth:Point bar – Landform related to streams and rivers
• Earth:Polje – Type of large flat plain found in karstic geological regions
• Earth:Pond – Relatively small body of standing water
• Potrero – Long mesa that at one end slopes upward to higher terrain
• Earth:Proglacial lake – Lake formed by the action of ice
• Earth:Pull-apart basin – Type of basin in geology
• Earth:Quarry – A place from which a geological material has been excavated from the ground
• Earth:Raised beach – Emergent coastal landform
• Earth:Ravine – Small valley, often due to stream erosion
• Earth:Ria – A coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley
• Earth:Ridge – Chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance
• Earth:Riffle – Shallow landform in a flowing channel
• Earth:Rift valley – Linear lowland created by a tectonic rift or fault
• Earth:River – Natural flowing watercourse
• Earth:River island – Exposed land within a river.
• Earth:Rôche moutonnée
• Earth:Rogen moraine – Landform of ridges deposited by a glacier or ice sheet transverse to ice flow
• Rock formations – Wikipedia list article
• Earth:Rock shelter – A shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff
• Earth:Rock-cut basin – Cylindrical depression cut into stream or river beds
• Earth:Salt marsh – Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
• Salt pan – Flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals (salt flat)
• Earth:Sand boil, also known as sand volcano – Cone formed by the ejection of sand on a surface from a central point
• Biology:Sandhill – Type of ecological community or xeric wildfire-maintained ecosystem
• Sandur – Plain formed from glacier sediment that was transported by meltwater.
• Earth:Scree – Broken rock fragments at base of cliff
• Earth:Sea cave – Cave formed by the wave action of the sea and located along present or former coastlines
• Earth:Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
• Earth:Shield volcano – Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows
• Earth:Shoal – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
• Earth:Shore – The fringe of land at the edge of a large body of water
• Shut-in – Type of rock formation found in Ozarks streams
• Earth:Side valley
• Earth:Sinkhole – Depression or hole in the ground caused by collapse of the surface into an existing void space
• Sound – A long, relatively wide body of water, connecting two larger bodies of water
• Spit – Coastal bar or beach landform deposited by longshore drift
• Stack – Geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock and stump
• Earth:Strait – Naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water
• Earth:Strandflat – Type of landform found in high-latitude areas
• Earth:Strath – Large valley
• Earth:Stratovolcano – Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
• Earth:Stream pool – Stretch of a river or stream in which the water is relatively deep and slow moving
• Earth:Stream – Body of surface water flowing down a channel
• Strike ridge – Ridge with a moderate sloping backslope and steeper frontslope
• Structural bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
• Structural terrace – A step-like landform
• Earth:Subglacial mound – Volcano formed when lava erupts beneath a thick glacier or ice sheet
• Earth:Submarine canyon – A steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope
• Earth:Submarine volcano – Underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt
• Earth:Summit – Point on a surface with a higher elevation than all immediately adjacent points
• Earth:Supervolcano – Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption
• Earth:Surge channel – Type of coastal landform
• Earth:Swamp – A forested wetland
• Earth:Tepui – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
• Terrace – A step-like landform
• Earth:Terracette – Small natural step-arranged soil ridges on hillsides
• Earth:Tessellated pavement – Relatively flat rock surface that is subdivided into more or less regular shapes by fractures
• Earth:Thalweg – Line of lowest elevation in a watercourse or valley
• Earth:Tidal marsh – Marsh subject to tidal change in water
• Earth:Tide pool – Rocky pool on a seashore, separated from the sea at low tide, filled with seawater
• Earth:Tombolo – Deposition landform in which an island is connected to the mainland by a sandy isthmus
• Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit
• Tower karst – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
• Towhead – Exposed land within a river.
• Earth:Trim line – Clear line on the side of a valley marking the most recent highest extent of the glacier
• Earth:Truncated spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
• Earth:Tunnel valley – Glacial-formed geographic feature
• Turlough – Type of seasonal or periodic lake found in limestone areas of Ireland
• Earth:Tuya – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
• Earth:U-shaped valley – Valleys formed by glacial scouring
• Uvala – Toponym for a closed karst depression
• Vale
• Earth:Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
• Earth:Ventifact – Rock that has been eroded by wind-driven sand or ice crystals
• Earth:Volcanic arc – Chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate
• Earth:Volcanic cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
• Earth:Volcanic crater – Roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity
• Earth:Volcanic crater lake – Lake formed within a volcanic crater
• Earth:Volcanic dam – Natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism
• Earth:Volcanic field – Area of Earth's crust prone to localized volcanic activity
• Earth:Volcanic group – Collection of related volcanoes or volcanic landforms
• Volcanic island – Island of volcanic origin
• Earth:Volcanic plateau – Plateau produced by volcanic activity
• Earth:Volcanic plug – Volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano
• Earth:Volcano – Rupture in the crust of a planet that allows lava, ash, and gases to escape from below the surface
• Earth:Wadi – River valley, especially a dry riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain
• Earth:Waterfall – Natural river formation
• Watershed – Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet
• Earth:Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion
• Earth:Wetland – Land area that is permanently or seasonally saturated with water
• Earth:Yardang – Streamlined aeolian landform