Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 4747 2022-11-04 01:40:28

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Aesthetics. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32831 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Aesthetics. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32831. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Aesthetics" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32831 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 04). Aesthetics. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32831
HandWiki. "Aesthetics." Encyclopedia. Web. 04 November, 2022.
Aesthetics
Edit

Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed through judgments of taste. Aesthetics covers both natural and artificial sources of experiences and how we form a judgment about those sources. It considers what happens in our minds when we engage with objects or environments such as viewing visual art, listening to music, reading poetry, experiencing a play, watching a fashion show, movie, sports or even exploring various aspects of nature. The philosophy of art specifically studies how artists imagine, create, and perform works of art, as well as how people use, enjoy, and criticize art. Aesthetics considers why people like some works of art and not others, as well as how art can affect moods or even our beliefs. Both aesthetics and the philosophy of art ask questions like "What is art?," "What is a work of art?," and "What makes good art?" Scholars in the field have defined aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature". In modern English, the term "aesthetic" can also refer to a set of principles underlying the works of a particular art movement or theory (one speaks, for example, of a Renaissance aesthetic).

culture renaissance aesthetics

References

  1. Harper, Douglas. "aesthetic". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/?term=aesthetic. 
  2. Slater, Barry Hartley. "Aesthetics". https://www.iep.utm.edu/aestheti/. 
  3. Guyer, Paul (2005). Values of Beauty: Historical Essays in Aesthetics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60669-1. https://archive.org/details/valuesofbeautyhi00guye. 
  4. Wilson, N (31 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-136-78800-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=8pXhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21. .
  5. Shelley, James (2017), Zalta, Edward N., ed., The Concept of the Aesthetic (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/aesthetic-concept/, retrieved 2018-12-09 
  6. Thomas Munro, "aesthetics", The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. A. Richard Harmet, et al., (Chicago: Merchandise Mart Plaza, 1986), p. 81.
  7. David Hume, Essays Moral, Political, Literary, Indianapolis: Literary Fund, 1987.
  8. Bourdieu, Pierre (1984). Distinction. Routledge. ISBN:0-674-21277-0
  9. Zangwill, Nick (26 August 2014). "Aesthetic Judgment". in Zalta, Edward N.. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/. 
  10. Tatarkiewicz, Władysław (1980). A History of Six Ideas: an essay in aesthetics. PWN/Polish Scientific Publishers. ISBN 9788301008246. https://books.google.com/books?id=eD4qAQAAMAAJ. 
  11. Meta-Aesthetics - Oxford Reference https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199747108.001.0001/acref-9780199747108-e-498
  12. Bezrucka, Yvonne (2017). The Invention of Northern Aesthetics in 18th-Century English Literature. https://www.cambridgescholars.com/the-invention-of-northern-aesthetics-in-18th-century-english-literature. 
  13. Bezrucka, Yvonne (2008). "The Well Beloved: Thomas Hardy's Manifesto of 'Regional Aesthetics'". Victorian Literature and Culture 36: 227–245. doi:10.1017/S1060150308080133.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150308080133
  14. Holm, Ivar (2006). Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and Industrial design: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. ISBN:82-547-0174-1.
  15. Korsmeyer, Carolyn, ed (1998). Aesthetics: The Big Questions. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-20594-4. 
  16. Susanne Grüner; Eva Specker; Helmut Leder (2019). "Effects of Context and Genuineness in the Experience of Art". Empirical Studies of the Arts 37 (2): 138–152. doi:10.1177/0276237418822896. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330414719. 
  17. Consider Clement Greenberg's arguments in "On Modernist Painting" (1961), reprinted in Aesthetics: A Reader in Philosophy of Arts.
  18. Denis Dutton's Aesthetic Universals summarized by Steven Pinker in The Blank Slate
  19. Derek Allan, Art and the Human Adventure: André Malraux's Theory of Art. (Amsterdam: Rodopi. 2009)
  20. Dewey, John. (1932)'Ethics', with James Tufts. In: The Collected Works of John Dewey, 1882–1953 Edited Jo-Ann Boydston: Carbonsdale: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 275.
  21. Peace Education – Exploring Ethical and Philosophical Foundations infoagepub.com http://www.infoagepub.com/products/content/p478d75b79b1ea.php
  22. S., Page, James (2017). Peace Education : Exploring Ethical and Philosophical Foundations. ISBN 978-1-59311-889-1. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/12263/. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  23. Sartwell, Crispin (2017). "Beauty". Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauty/. 
  24. "Aesthetics" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics. 
  25. "Beauty and Ugliness". https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/beauty-and-ugliness. 
  26. Honderich, Ted (2005). "Aesthetic judgment". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press. https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2. 
  27. Zangwill, Nick (2003). "Beauty". in Levinson, Jerrold. Oxford Handbook to Aesthetics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0018. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199279456-e-18. 
  28. De Clercq, Rafael (2013). "Beauty". The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics. Routledge. https://philpapers.org/rec/GAUTRC-4. 
  29. Gary Martin (2007). "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder". The Phrase Finder. http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/59100.html. 
  30. Gorodeisky, Keren (2019). "On Liking Aesthetic Value" (in en). Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 102 (2): 261–280. doi:10.1111/phpr.12641. ISSN 1933-1592. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phpr.12641. 
  31. Craig, Edward (1996). "Beauty". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. https://philpapers.org/rec/BEAREO. 
  32. Leitch, Vincent B., et al., eds. The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001.
  33. Gaut, Berys; Livingston, Paisley (2003). The Creation of Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-81234-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=7r27dci51FcC&pg=PA3. 
  34. Gaut and Livingston, p. 6.
  35. Green, Edward (2005). "Donald Francis Tovey, Aesthetic Realism and the Need for a Philosophic Musicology". International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 36 (2): 227–248. 
  36. Siegel, Eli (1955). "Is Beauty the Making One of Opposites?". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 14 (2): 282–283. 
  37. King, Alexandra. "The Aesthetic Attitude". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/aesth-at/. 
  38. Grosswiler, Paul (2010). Transforming McLuhan: Cultural, Critical, and Postmodern Perspectives. Peter Lang Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4331-1067-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=I19crS0qJ78C&q=mcluhan+on+art+as+counter-environment&pg=PA13. Retrieved 10 March 2015. 
  39. Danto, Arthur C. (2004). "Kalliphobia in Contemporary Art". Art Journal 63 (2): 24–35. doi:10.2307/4134518.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F4134518
  40. Derek Allan, Art and the Human Adventure, André Malraux's Theory of Art (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009)
  41. Massumi, Brian, (ed.), A Shock to Thought. Expression after Deleuze and Guattari. London & NY: Routeledge, 2002. ISBN:0-415-23804-8
  42. Lyotard, Jean-Françoise, What is Postmodernism?, in The Postmodern Condition, Minnesota and Manchester, 1984.
  43. Lyotard, Jean-Françoise, Scriptures: Diffracted Traces, in Theory, Culture and Society, Volume 21, Number 1, 2004.
  44. Freud, Sigmund, "The Uncanny" (1919). Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Work of Sigmund Freud, 17:234–236. London: The Hogarth Press
  45. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1964), "The Visible and the Invisible". Northwestern University Press. ISBN:0-8101-0457-1
  46. Lacan, Jacques, "The Ethics of Psychoanalysis" (The Seminar of Jacques Lacan Book VII), NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1992.
  47. Kobbert, M. (1986), Kunstpsychologie ("Psychology of art"), Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt
  48. Thielsch, M.T. (2008), Ästhetik von Websites. Wahrnehmung von Ästhetik und deren Beziehung zu Inhalt, Usability und Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen. ("The aesthetics of websites. Perception of aesthetics and its relation to content, usability, and personality traits."), MV Wissenschaft, Münster
  49. Hassenzahl, M. (2008), Aesthetics in interactive products: Correlates and consequences of beauty. In H.N.J. Schifferstein & P. Hekkert (Eds.): Product Experience. (pp. 287–302). Elsevier, Amsterdam
  50. Martindale, C (2007). "Recent trends in the psychological study of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts". Empirical Studies of the Arts 25 (2): 121–141. doi:10.2190/b637-1041-2635-16nn.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2190%2Fb637-1041-2635-16nn
  51. A. Moles: Théorie de l'information et perception esthétique, Paris, Denoël, 1973 (Information Theory and aesthetical perception)
  52. F Nake (1974). Ästhetik als Informationsverarbeitung. (Aesthetics as information processing). Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Informatik im Bereich ästhetischer Produktion und Kritik. Springer, 1974, ISBN:3-211-81216-4
  53. Schmidhuber, Jürgen (22 October 1997). "Low-Complexity Art". Leonardo 30 (2): 97–103. doi:10.2307/1576418. PMID 22845826.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1576418
  54. "Theory of Beauty – Facial Attractiveness – Low-Complexity Art". http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/beauty.html. 
  55. Schmidhuber, Jürgen (7 June 1998). "Facial beauty and fractal geometry". http://cogprints.org/690/1/newlocoface.html. 
  56. J. Schmidhuber. Simple Algorithmic Principles of Discovery, Subjective Beauty, Selective Attention, Curiosity & Creativity. Proc. 10th Intl. Conf. on Discovery Science (DS 2007) p. 26–38, LNAI 4755, Springer, 2007. Also in Proc. 18th Intl. Conf. on Algorithmic Learning Theory (ALT 2007) p. 32, LNAI 4754, Springer, 2007. Joint invited lecture for DS 2007 and ALT 2007, Sendai, Japan, 2007. arXiv:0709.0674 http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.0674
  57. J. Schmidhuber. Curious model-building control systems. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Singapore, vol 2, 1458–1463. IEEE press, 1991
  58. J. Schmidhuber. Papers on artificial curiosity since 1990: http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/interest.html
  59. Schmidhuber, J. (2006). "Developmental robotics, optimal artificial curiosity, creativity, music, and the fine arts". Connection Science 18 (2): 173–187. doi:10.1080/09540090600768658.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09540090600768658
  60. "Schmidhuber's theory of beauty and curiosity in a German TV show" (in de). Br-online.de. 2018-01-03. http://www.br-online.de/bayerisches-fernsehen/faszination-wissen/schoenheit--aesthetik-wahrnehmung-ID1212005092828.xml. 
  61. Why Beauty Is Truth: The History of Symmetry, Ian Stewart, 2008
  62. Reber, R; Schwarz, N; Winkielman, P (2004). "Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver's processing experience?". Personality and Social Psychology Review 8 (4): 364–382. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0804_3. PMID 15582859.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15327957pspr0804_3
  63. Reber, R; Brun, M; Mitterndorfer, K (2008). "The use of heuristics in intuitive mathematical judgment". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15 (6): 1174–1178. doi:10.3758/pbr.15.6.1174. PMID 19001586.  https://dx.doi.org/10.3758%2Fpbr.15.6.1174
  64. Orrell, David (2012). Truth or Beauty: Science and the Quest for Order. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18661-1. 
  65. Gleiser, Marcelo (2010). A Tear at the Edge of Creation: A Radical New Vision for Life in an Imperfect Universe. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-0832-1. 
  66. Petrosino, Alfredo (2013). Progress in Image Analysis and Processing, ICIAP 2013: Naples, Italy, September 9-13, 2013, Proceedings. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 21. ISBN 9783642411830. 
  67. Jahanian, Ali (2016). Quantifying Aesthetics of Visual Design Applied to Automatic Design. Cham: Springer. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9783319314853. 
  68. Akiba, Fuminori (2013). "Preface: Natural Computing and Computational Aesthetics". Natural Computing and Beyond. Proceedings in Information and Communications Technology 6: 117–118. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54394-7_10. ISBN 978-4-431-54393-0.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-4-431-54394-7_10
  69. Datta, R.; Joshi, D.; Li, J.; Wang, J. (2006). "Computer Vision – ECCV 2006". 3953. Springer. pp. 288–301. doi:10.1007/11744078_23. ISBN 978-3-540-33836-9.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F11744078_23
  70. Wong, L.-K.; Low, K.-L. (2009). "Saliency-enhanced image aesthetic classification". IEEE. doi:10.1109/ICIP.2009.5413825.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FICIP.2009.5413825
  71. Wu, Y.; Bauckhage, C.; Thurau, C. (2010). "2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition". IEEE. pp. 1586–1589. doi:10.1109/ICPR.2010.392. ISBN 978-1-4244-7542-1.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FICPR.2010.392
  72. Faria, J.; Bagley, S.; Rueger, S.; Breckon, T.P. (2013). "Challenges of Finding Aesthetically Pleasing Images". Proc. International Workshop on Image and Audio Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services. IEEE. http://www.durham.ac.uk/toby.breckon/publications/papers/faria13aesthetics.pdf. Retrieved 19 June 2013. 
  73. Chio, Cecilia Di; Brabazon, Anthony; Ebner, Marc; Farooq, Muddassar; Fink, Andreas; Grahl, Jörn; Greenfield, Gary; Machado, Penousal et al. (2010). Applications of Evolutionary Computation: EvoApplications 2010: EvoCOMNET, EvoENVIRONMENT, EvoFIN, EvoMUSART, and EvoTRANSLOG, Istanbul, Turkey, April 7-9, 2010, Proceedings. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 302. ISBN 9783642122415. 
  74. "Aesthetic Quality Inference Engine – Instant Impersonal Assessment of Photos". Penn State University. http://acquine.alipr.com. 
  75. Manaris, B., Roos, P., Penousal, M., Krehbiel, D., Pellicoro, L. and Romero, J.; A Corpus-Based Hybrid Approach to Music Analysis and Composition; Proceedings of 22nd Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-07); Vancouver, BC; 839–845 2007.
  76. Hammoud, Riad (2007-01-21). Interactive Video: Algorithms and Technologies. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 162. ISBN 9783540332145. 
  77. Dubnov, S.; Musical Information Dynamics as Models of Auditory Anticipation; in Machine Audition: Principles, Algorithms and Systems, Ed. W. Weng, IGI Global publication, 2010.
  78. Shimura, Arthur P.; Palmer, Stephen E. (2012). Aesthetic Science: Connecting Minds, Brains, and Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 279. 
  79. Giannini AJ (December 1993). "Tangential symbols: using visual symbolization to teach pharmacological principles of drug addiction to international audiences". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33 (12): 1139–1146. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03913.x. PMID 7510314.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1552-4604.1993.tb03913.x
  80. Kent, Alexander (2019). "Maps, Materiality and Tactile Aesthetics". The Cartographic Journal 56 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1080/00087041.2019.1601932.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00087041.2019.1601932
  81. Kent, Alexander (2005). "Aesthetics: A Lost Cause in Cartographic Theory?". The Cartographic Journal 42 (2): 182–188. doi:10.1179/000870405X61487.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1179%2F000870405X61487
  82. Moshagen, M.; Thielsch, M.T. (2010). "Facets of visual aesthetics". International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 68 (10): 689–709. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.05.006. https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/30632/. 
  83. Visual Aesthetics. Interaction-design.org. http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/visual_aesthetics.html. Retrieved 31 July 2012. 
  84. Lavie, T.; Tractinsky, N. (2004). "Assessing dimensions of perceived visual aesthetics of web sites". International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 60 (3): 269–298. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.09.002.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijhcs.2003.09.002
  85. Guy Sircello, A New Theory of Beauty. Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.
  86. Guy Sircello, Love and Beauty. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
  87. Guy Sircello, "How Is a Theory of the Sublime Possible?" The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism Vol. 51, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 541–550
  88. Peter Osborne, Anywhere Or Not at All: Philosophy of Contemporary Art, Verso Books, London, 2013. pp. 3 & 51
  89. Tedman, G. (2012) Aesthetics & Alienation, Zero Books
  90. Gregory Loewen, Aesthetic Subjectivity, 2011 pp. 36–37, 157, 238)
  91. Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford Univ. Press, 1977), 155. ISBN:9780198760610
  92. Pierre Bourdieu, "Postscript", in Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (London: Routledge, 1984), 485-500. ISBN:9780674212770; and David Harris, "Leisure and Higher Education", in Tony Blackshaw, ed., Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies (London: Routledge, 2013), 403. ISBN:9781136495588 and books.google.com/books?id=gc2_zubEovgC&pg=PT403
  93. Laurie, Timothy (2014). "Music Genre as Method". Cultural Studies Review 20 (2). doi:10.5130/csr.v20i2.4149.  https://dx.doi.org/10.5130%2Fcsr.v20i2.4149
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 7.1K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 04 Nov 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service