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HandWiki. Spix's Macaw. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32734 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. Spix's Macaw. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32734. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "Spix's Macaw" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32734 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 03). Spix's Macaw. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32734
HandWiki. "Spix's Macaw." Encyclopedia. Web. 03 November, 2022.
Spix's Macaw
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The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Biology:Spix%27s_macaw

Spix's macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii), also known as the little blue macaw, is a macaw native to Brazil. It is a member of tribe Arini in the subfamily Arinae (Neotropical parrots), part of the family Psittacidae (the true parrots). It was first described by German naturalist Georg Marcgrave, when he was working in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil in 1638 and it is named for German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix, who collected a specimen in 1819 on the bank of the Rio São Francisco in northeast Bahia in Brazil. The bird is a medium-size parrot weighing about 300 grams (11 oz), smaller than most of the large macaws. Its plumage is various shades of blue, with a grey-blue head, light blue underparts, and vivid blue upperparts. Males and females are almost identical in appearance, however the females are slightly smaller on average. Currently there are no known survivors of the species outside of captivity. The species inhabited riparian Caraibeira (Tabebuia aurea) woodland galleries in the drainage basin of the Rio São Francisco within the Caatinga dry forest climate of interior northeastern Brazil. It had a very restricted natural habitat due to its dependence on the tree for nesting, feeding and roosting. It feeds primarily on seeds and nuts of Caraiba and various Euphorbiaceae (spurge) shrubs, the dominant vegetation of the Caatinga. Due to deforestation in its limited range and specialized habitat, the bird has been rare in the wild throughout the twentieth century. It has always been very rare in captivity, partly due to the remoteness of its natural range. The IUCN regard the Spix's macaw as extinct in the wild. Its last known stronghold in the wild was in northeastern Bahia, Brazil and sightings are very rare. After a 2000 sighting of a male bird, the next and last sighting was in 2016. The species is now maintained through a captive breeding program at several conservation organizations under the aegis of the Brazilian government. It is listed on CITES Appendix I, which makes trade illegal except for legitimate conservation, scientific or educational purposes. The Brazilian Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio) is conducting a project Ararinha-Azul with an associated plan to restore the species to the wild as soon as sufficient breeding birds and restored habitat are available.

captive breeding deforestation natural habitat

References

  1. Tavares, E. S.; Baker, A. J.; Pereira, S. L.; Miyaki, C. Y. (2006). "Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences". Systematic Biology 55 (3): 454–70. doi:10.1080/10635150600697390. PMID 16861209.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150600697390
  2. Jobling, James A. (2012). "The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names". The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://www.scribd.com/doc/88883761/Helm-Dictionary-of-Scientific-Bird-Names. 
  3. Joseph, Leo; Toon, Alicia; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F.; Schodde, Richard (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)". Zootaxa 3205: 26–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/z03205p040f.pdf. 
  4. del Hoyo, J., ed (1997). Handbook of the Birds of the World. 4. Barcelona,Spain: Lynx Editions. pp. 280–339. 
  5. Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 270. ISBN 0-06-055804-0. https://archive.org/details/noturningbacklif00elli. 
  6. Bonaparte, Charles (1854) Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et 6:149
  7. Juniper, pp. 19–23
  8. Salvadori, Tommaso (1891). Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Volume XX: Catalog of the Parrots, or Psittaci in the Collection of the British Museum. Illustrated by Keulemans, John Gerrard. p. 150. https://archive.org/details/catalogueofbirds20brit. 
  9. Dutton, F. G. (1900). "President, Avicultural Society U.K.". The Avicultural Magazine. 
  10. Sick's full remark was: "The Indigo Macaw is the only true macaw in that region. The Little Blue Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii), which is another endemic from Northeastern Brazil, is not a real macaw, and is not present in this region."[13]
  11. Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Matsumoto, T.; Eberhard, J. R.; Graves, G. R.; Sanchez, J. J.; Capelli, S.; Muller, H. et al. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMID 18653733.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2727385
  12. Kirchman, Jeremy J.; Schirtzinger, Erin E.; Wright, Timothy F. (2012). "Phylogenetic relationships of the extinct Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) inferred from DNA sequence Data". The Auk 129 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1525/auk.2012.11259.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fauk.2012.11259
  13. Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09251-6. https://archive.org/details/parrotsofworldid0000fors.  plate 70.
  14. "Spix Macaw Fact File 2010". Al Wabra Wildlife Preservation. http://awwp.alwabra.com/index.php/content/view/171/51/. 
  15. "Species factsheet: Cyanopsitta spixii". BirdLife International (2008). http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1546&m=0. Retrieved 24 July 2008. 
  16. Juniper, T.; Yamashita (March 1991). "The habitat and status of Spix's Macaw Cyanopsitta spixii". Bird Conservation International 1 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1017/S0959270900000502.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959270900000502
  17. "News from the Loro Parque Fundación Parrot collection" (2011) Cyanopsitta 99:11 http://www.loroparque-fundacion.org/wp-content/themes/engrave-lite/download/pdf/en/Cyanopsitta%20Magazine%20(99).pdf
  18. "Spix's Macaws: Physical Description, Behavior and Calls / Vocalizations | Beauty of Birds". http://www.beautyofbirds.com/spixsmacawdescription.html. 
  19. Collar (1997). Threatened Birds of the Americas. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-267-5. https://archive.org/details/icbpiucnreddatab00coll. 
  20. Sick, Helmut (1989). Ornitologia brasileira, uma introducao. Universidada de Brasilia. ISBN 85-230-0087-9. 
  21. Juniper, T. (2002). "The Spix Macaw Recovery Programme". Proceedings 5th International Parrot Convention. 
  22. Silva, Tony (1989). A Monograph of Endangered Parrots. Silvio Mattachione. ISBN 0-9692640-4-6. 
  23. Roth, Paul (1990). "Spix's Macaw – Cyanopsitta spixii. What do we know today about this rare bird?". Caged Bird (3/4). 
  24. ICMBio. "Executive Summary of the National Action Plan for the Spix's Macaw Conservation". http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/docs-plano-de-acao/pan-ararinha-azul/sumario-ararinhaazulingles.pdf. 
  25. Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Willem Piso. pp. 205–207. 
  26. Spix, Martius (1824–25). Avium Brasiliensium Species Novae. 1. p. 25. 
  27. von Helmayr, C. E.; der Abhandl, K. B. (1906). Revision der Spix'schen Typen Brasilianische Vogel. II Kl. XXII Bd. III Abt.. Akademie der Weissenshaften. pp. 563–726, Taf. 1, 2. 
  28. Juniper[31] says "It was here [on the bank of the Rio Sao Francisco near Joazeiro] that he [Spix] shot a magnificent long-tailed blue parrot for their collection." But George Smith[32] says: "Among the several unique avian specimens that were brought to him[Spix] by his anonymous collectors was a small blue macaw". Juniper sites his source generally as;[33] the Smith article cites no sources.
  29. Arndt, T. (1986). Enzyklopädie der Papageien und Sittiche. Horst Müller-Verlag. 
  30. Silva, T. (1989). A Monograph of Endangered Parrots. Silvio Mattachione. 
  31. Juniper; Yamashita (1990). "The Conservation of Spix's Macaw". Oryx 24 (4): 224–228. doi:10.1017/s0030605300034943.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605300034943
  32. Collar, N. (1992). Threatened Birds of the Americas. Smithsonian Institution Press. 
  33. The holotype is now stored in Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), Germany.
  34. Donald, Paul; Collar, Nigel; Marsden, Stuart; Pain, Debbie (2010). Facing Extinction: the World's Rarest Birds and the Race to Save Them. Poyser. pp. 200–208. ISBN 978-0-7136-7021-9. 
  35. Juniper, p. 31
  36. Sick, H.; Teixeira, D.M. (1979). "Notas sobreaves brasileiras raras ou ameacadas de extincao". Publiçacões Avulsas Museu Nacional (Rio de J.) (62): 1–39. 
  37. Silva, Tony (1994). "Breeding the Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) at Loro Parque, Tenerife". International Zoo Yearbook 33: 176–180. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03571.x.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-1090.1994.tb03571.x
  38. Roth, P.. "Spix-Ara. Was wissen wir heute über diesen seltenen Vogel". Papageien (3/90 and 4/90). http://www.bluemacaws.org/spixart1.htm. 
  39. "pix's Macaw, Star of "Rio," Spotted in the Wild for the First Time in 15 Years". http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/spixs-macaw-thought-extinct-wild-videoed-brazil-180959576/?no-ist. 
  40. BirdLife International (2019). "Cyanopsitta spixii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22685533A153022606. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685533/153022606. 
  41. Schischakin, Natasha (June 1999). "The Spix's Macaw Conservation Programmme A Non-extinction Story". Loro Parque Foundation. http://www.bluemacaws.org/spxart14.htm. 
  42. Juniper, p. 239
  43. Bertram, Wende. "Climate Change, Adaptation and Desertification Control". http://www.rural21.com/uploads/media/R21_Climate_change_adaptation.pdf. Retrieved 20 April 2010. 
  44. Butchart, Stuart H.M; Lowe, Stephen; Martin, Rob W; Symes, Andy; Westrip, James R.S; Wheatley, Hannah (2018). "Which bird species have gone extinct? A novel quantitative classification approach". Biological Conservation 227: 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.014.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2018.08.014
  45. "Spix's Macaw heads list of first bird extinctions confirmed this decade". BirdLife International. 5 September 2018. https://www.birdlife.org/worldwide/news/spixs-macaw-heads-list-first-bird-extinctions-set-be-confirmed-decade. 
  46. Juniper, p. 31,81
  47. Juniper, p. 161
  48. Juniper, p. 164-65
  49. Juniper, pp. 169–71
  50. "Loro Parque Fundación in Brazil to save the world’s rarest parrot" (2010). Cyanopsitta 100:18 http://www.loroparque-fundacion.org/wp-content/themes/engrave-lite/download/pdf/en/Cyanopsitta%20Magazine%20(100).pdf
  51. "IBAMA dissolves the Spix’s Macaw Recovery Committee" (2002). Cyanopsitta 66:18–19
  52. Szotek, Mark (10 September 2009). "Sheikh goes from collector to conservationist in effort to save the world's rarest parrot". Mongabay. http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0907-al_wabra_interview.html. 
  53. "Spix Macaw Project Update". http://www.bluemacaws.org/spxart28.htm. 
  54. "Al Wabra ICMBio Spix Presentation January 2012". http://www.alwabra.com/downloads/Presentation%20ICMBio%20Brazil.ppt. 
  55. Christy, Bryan (2008). The Lizard King. Twelve. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-446-58095-3. https://archive.org/details/lizardkingtruecr00chri/page/111. 
  56. Vastag, Brian (4 July 2011). "Qatari sheik takes endangered bird species under his wing". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/qatari-sheik-takes-endangered-macaw-under-his-wing/2011/07/04/gIQAmZ707H_story.html. Retrieved 16 November 2012. 
  57. Robinson, Emily Lott (2012). "Revisiting Rio Star Presley: Is there hope for the Spix's Macaw?". parrots.org. http://www.parrots.org/pdfs/revisiting-rio-emily-robinson.pdf. 
  58. "Spix's Macaw Project Update". https://www.bluemacaws.org/en-gb/articles/spixs-macaw-project-update. 
  59. "Jurong Bird Park now home to world's rarest blue macaws". https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/jurong-bird-park-now-home-to-world-s-rarest-blue-macaws-9373766. 
  60. Juniper, pp. 213–214
  61. Kepp, Michael (10 July 2015). "Spix macaw". EcoAméricas: 10. http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/EcoAmericas_July_2015_pg_10.pdf. 
  62. Watson, Ryan (July 2007). "Managing the World's Largest Population of Spix's Macaws". 33rd Annual Convention of the American Federation of Aviculture (AFA), Los Angeles. http://www.bluemacaws.org/spixav6.htm. 
  63. "Blue for a Boy?". Loro Parque video documentary. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Spix%27s_Macaw#p00kjppr. 
  64. "Developing a New Insemination Technique". Loro Parque. 18 April 2012. http://blog.loroparque.com/en/developing-a-new-insemination-technique/. 
  65. Lierz, Michael; Reinschmidt, Matthias; Müller, Heiner; Wink, Michael; Neumann, Daniel (2013). "A novel method for semen collection and artificial insemination in large parrots (Psittaciformes)". Scientific Reports 3: 2066. doi:10.1038/srep02066. PMID 23797622. Bibcode: 2013NatSR...3E2066L.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3691562
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  67. Deutsche Welle (7 August 2018). "O projeto para salvar a ararinha-azul da extinção" (in pt). https://www.dw.com/pt-br/o-projeto-para-salvar-a-ararinha-azul-da-extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o/a-44982733. 
  68. "Dozens of last blue macaws to be reintroduced to Brazil". June 2018. https://phys.org/news/2018-06-dozens-blue-macaws-reintroduced-brazil.html. 
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