Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Vivi Li -- 2633 2022-11-02 01:41:22

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Genetically Modified Organism Containment and Escape. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32461 (accessed on 21 September 2026).
HandWiki. Genetically Modified Organism Containment and Escape. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32461. Accessed September 21, 2026.
HandWiki. "Genetically Modified Organism Containment and Escape" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32461 (accessed September 21, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, November 02). Genetically Modified Organism Containment and Escape. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/32461
HandWiki. "Genetically Modified Organism Containment and Escape." Encyclopedia. Web. 02 November, 2022.
Genetically Modified Organism Containment and Escape
Edit

Since the advent of genetic engineering in the 1970s, concerns have been raised about the dangers of the technology. Laws, regulations, and treaties were created in the years following to contain genetically modified organisms and prevent their escape. Nonentheless, there are several examples of failure to keep GM crops separate from conventional ones.

genetic engineering technology regulations

References

  1. "Letter: Potential biohazards of recombinant DNA molecules". Science 185 (4148): 303. 1974. doi:10.1126/science.185.4148.303. PMID 4600381. PMC 388511. Bibcode: 1974Sci...185..303B. http://beck2.med.harvard.edu/week13/The%20Science%20Letter.pdf. 
  2. Berg, P., Baltimore, D., Brenner, S., Roblin, R. O., and Singer, M. F. (1975). "Summary Statement of the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72 (6): 1981–1984. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.6.1981. PMID 806076. Bibcode: 1975PNAS...72.1981B.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=432675
  3. Hutt, P.B. (1978). "Research on recombinant DNA molecules: the regulatory issues". South Calif Law Rev 51 (6): 1435–50. PMID 11661661. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/juraba21&div=32&id=&page=. 
  4. "US regulatory system for genetically modified [genetically modified organism (GMO), rDNA or transgenic] crop cultivars". Plant biotechnology journal 6 (1): 2–12. 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00300.x. PMID 17956539.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7652.2007.00300.x
  5. Bull, A.T., Holt, G. and Lilly, M.D. (1982). Biotechnology : international trends and perspectives. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/34/9/2097562.pdf. 
  6. U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy (1986). "Coordinated framework for regulation of biotechnology". Fed. Regist. 51 (123): 23302–50. PMID 11655807. Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20110516173328/http://usbiotechreg.nbii.gov/CoordinatedFrameworkForRegulationOfBiotechnology1986.pdf. 
  7. "About the Protocol". Convention on Biological Diversity. http://bch.cbd.int/protocol/background/. Retrieved 2016-01-05. 
  8. Redick, T.P. (2007). "The Cartagena Protocol on biosafety: Precautionary priority in biotech crop approvals and containment of commodities shipments, 2007". Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 18: 51–116. 
  9. Virginia Kimani, Guillaume Gruère (2010). "Implications of Import Regulations and Information Requirements under the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety for GM Commodities in Kenya". AgBioForum 13 (3): 222–241. http://www.agbioforum.org/v13n3/v13n3a02-gruere.htm. Retrieved 2016-01-05. 
  10. Czarnak-Klos, Marta et al (2010) Best Practice documents for coexistence of Genetically Modified Crops with Conventional and Organic Crops JRC, European Commission, Retrieved 13 October 2012 http://ecob.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Maize.pdf
  11. EU caught in quandary over GMO animal feed imports The Guardian 7 December 2007 https://www.theguardian.com/feedarticle?id=7134548
  12. Michael Baram. "Governance of GM Crop and Food Safety in the United States" pp 15-56 in Governing Risk in GM Agriculture, eds. Michael Baram, Mathilde Bourrier. Cambridge University Press 2011. https://books.google.com/books?id=PdlLGJ39_xQC&l
  13. Flynn, Dan (November 12, 2012). "AC21 Wants USDA to Investigate Crop Insurance for Genetic Harm To Organic Crops". Food Safety News. http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/11/ac21-wants-usda-to-investigate-crop-insurance-for-genetic-harm-to-organic-crops/#.UbUj1fYaePU. 
  14. USDA Advisory Committee on Biotechnology and 21st Century Agriculture (AC21). November 19, 2012 ) Enhancing Coexistence: A Report of the AC21 to the Secretary of Agriculture http://www.usda.gov/documents/ac21_report-enhancing-coexistence.pdf
  15. Bernhard A. Koch (ed.) [Liability and Compensation Schemes for Damage Resulting from the Presence of Genetically Modified Organisms in Non-GM Crops http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/liability_gmo/full_text_en.pdf ] April 2007, produced under contract from the European Commission.
  16. Jim Riddle, University of Minnesota Outreach Service. GMO Contamination Prevention: What Does It Take? http://swroc.cfans.umn.edu/prod/groups/cfans/@pub/@cfans/@swroc/documents/article/cfans_article_390283.pdf
  17. Marta Czarnak-Kłos, Emilio Rodríguez-Cerezo, 2010. European Coexistence Bureau (ECoB) Best Practice Documents for coexistence of genetically modified crops with conventional and organic farming. 1. Maize crop production http://ecob.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/Maize.pdf
  18. Canadian Supreme Court ruling . Scc.lexum.org. http://scc.lexum.org/en/2004/2004scc34/2004scc34.html
  19. CT NOFA is the Connecticut Chapter of the Northeast Organic Farming Association Suing Monsanto: Intellectual Property, Genetic Contamination, and Farmers' Rights – Notice of 2011 talk being given http://www.ctnofa.org/events/Other/DanRavisher-Yale%20talk.html
  20. Susan Audrey for Occupy Monsanto. February 10, 2012 Percy Schmeiser, The farmer who stood up to Monsanto http://www.occupymonsanto360.org/2012/02/10/percy-schmeiser-the-farmer-who-stood-up-to-monsanto/
  21. McHughen A, Wager R. (2010) Popular misconceptions: agricultural biotechnology. N Biotechnol. 27(6):724-8. Epub 2010 Mar 30. Full Text https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20359558
  22. Hannelore Sudermann for the Spokesman Review (Spokane, WA). October 14, 1999 Genetically Altered Wheat Flagged – Thailand Detects Shipment Not Cleared for Commercial Sales http://www.iatp.org/news/genetically-altered-wheat-flagged-thailand-detects-shipment-not-cleared-for-commercial-sales
  23. King D, Gordon A. Contaminant found in Taco Bell taco shells. Food safety coalition demands recall (press release), vol 2001. Washington, DC: Friends of the Earth, 2000. Available: http://www.foe.org/act/getacobellpr.html . 3 November 2001.
  24. Fulmer, Melinda (23 September 2000). "Taco Bell Recalls Shells That Used Bioengineered Corn". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/sep/23/news/mn-25314. 
  25. Agricultural Biotechnology: Updated Benefit Estimates, Janet E. Carpenter and Leonard P. Gianessi 2001, National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy
  26. "Scientists play down 'superweed'" BBC, 25 July 2005 (source report) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4715221.stm
  27. Marc Gunther for Fortune Magazine. July 2, 2007. Attack of the mutant rice http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/07/09/100122123/index.htm
  28. "APHIS Report of LibertyLink Rice Incidents" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2013-07-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20130721121312/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/content/2007/10/content/printable/RiceReport10-2007.pdf. Retrieved 2013-05-30. 
  29. "Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (40): 14533–8. October 2004. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405154101. PMID 15448206. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..10114533W.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=521937
  30. Hamer, Ed; Anslow, Mark (1 March 2008). "10 reasons why organic can feed the world". Ecologist. http://www.theecologist.org/trial_investigations/268287/10_reasons_why_organic_can_feed_the_world.html. 
  31. GMO Compass. 5 June 2009 Mexico: controlled cultivation of genetically modified maize http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/news/447.mexico_controlled_cultivation_genetically_modified_maize.html
  32. Mike Shanahan for Science and Development Network, 10 November 2004. Warning issued on GM maize imported to Mexico - SciDev.Net http://www.scidev.net/en/news/warning-issued-on-gm-maize-imported-to-mexico.html
  33. Katie Mantell for Science and Development Network, 30 November 2001 GM maize found ‘contaminating’ wild strains - SciDev.Net http://www.scidev.net/en/news/gm-maize-found-contaminating-wild-strains.html
  34. "Transgenic DNA introgressed into traditional maize landraces in Oaxaca, Mexico". Nature 414 (6863): 541–3. November 2001. doi:10.1038/35107068. PMID 11734853. Bibcode: 2001Natur.414..541Q.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35107068
  35. "Biodiversity (Communications arising): maize transgene results in Mexico are artefacts". Nature 416 (6881): 601–2; discussion 600, 602. April 2002. doi:10.1038/nature739. PMID 11935145. Bibcode: 2002Natur.416..601K.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature739
  36. Ortiz-Garcia, S. (2005). "Absence of detectable transgenes in local landraces of maize in Oaxaca, Mexico (2003-2004)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (35): 12338–43. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503356102. PMID 16093316. Bibcode: 2005PNAS..10212338O.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1184035
  37. "Transgenes in Mexican maize: molecular evidence and methodological considerations for GMO detection in landrace populations". Mol. Ecol. 18 (4): 750–61. February 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03993.x. PMID 19143938.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3001031
  38. "First Wild Canola Plants With Modified Genes Found in United States". Arkansas Newswire. University of Arkansas. 6 August 2010. http://newswire.uark.edu/article.aspx?id=14453. Retrieved 10 October 2012. 
  39. Genetically Modified Canola 'Escapes' Farm Fields. NPR. Retrieved 8 February 2011. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129010499
  40. Black, Richard. (2010-08-06) BBC News – GM plants 'established in the wild'. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10859264
  41. Eisberg, Neil GM crops are on the move Chemistry and Industry Ten Alps Publishing 7 November 2011 HighBeam Research accessed 7 July 2012 http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-274228201.html
  42. William Neuman; Andrew Pollack (May 3, 2010). "Farmers Cope With Roundup-Resistant Weeds". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/business/energy-environment/04weed.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. 
  43. Report by the US National Academies "Genetically Engineered Crops Benefit Many Farmers, but the Technology Needs proper Management to Remain Effective" – press release on the report "The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm Sustainability in the United States" Office of News and Public Information, News from the Academies, 13 April 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010. http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804
  44. "Biotech Crops Are Good For Earth, Report Finds". Npr.org. 2010-04-13. https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=125906838. Retrieved 2013-05-30. 
  45. Paull, John (2015) GMOs and organic agriculture: Six lessons from Australia , Agriculture & Forestry, 61(1): 7-14. http://www.agricultforest.ac.me/data/20150318-01%20John%20Paull.pdf
  46. Andy Coghlan (June 3, 2013). "Monsanto modified wheat mystery deepens in Oregon". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23638-monsanto-modified-wheat-mystery-deepens-in-oregon.html. 
  47. Alan Bjerga (May 29, 2013). "Monsanto Modified Wheat Not Approved by USDA Found in Field". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-29/monsanto-modified-wheat-unapproved-by-usda-found-in-oregon-field.html
  48. Andrew Pollack (May 29, 2013). "Modified Wheat Is Discovered in Oregon". The New York Times.(Subscription content?) https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/business/energy-environment/genetically-engineered-wheat-found-in-oregon-field.html?_r=0
  49. Ian Berry (June 21, 2013). "Monsanto Says Sabotage Is Likely in Wheat Case". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323393804578559751960348868. Retrieved June 23, 2013. 
  50. Reuters (May 29, 2013). "Unapproved Monsanto GMO Wheat Found in Oregon". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/id/100774325. Retrieved May 30, 2013. 
  51. Melissa Allison (June 20, 2013). "Wheat scare leaves farmers in limbo". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2021218406_wheatfarmersxml.html
  52. Melissa Allison (June 1, 2013). "Japan’s wheat-import suspension worries state growers". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130922234211/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021104405_wheatexportxml.html. Retrieved June 5, 2013. 
  53. Staff (June 17, 2013). "GMO Wheat Found in Oregon Was Isolated Incident, Says USDA". Food Safety News. http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/06/gmo-wheat-found-in-oregon-was-isolated-incident-says-usda/#.Ub_B8ufksl8
  54. Associated Press (August 30, 2013). "Source of GMO wheat in Oregon remains mystery". http://bigstory.ap.org/article/source-gmo-wheat-oregon-remains-mystery
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 1.2K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 02 Nov 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service