HandWiki. List of Artifacts in Biblical Archaeology. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31987 (accessed on 23 September 2026).
HandWiki. List of Artifacts in Biblical Archaeology. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31987. Accessed September 23, 2026.
HandWiki. "List of Artifacts in Biblical Archaeology" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31987 (accessed September 23, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 31). List of Artifacts in Biblical Archaeology. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31987
HandWiki. "List of Artifacts in Biblical Archaeology." Encyclopedia. Web. 31 October, 2022.
The following is a list of artifacts—objects created or modified by human culture—that are significant to biblical archaeology.
archaeologyartifacts—objects
References
ANET: Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Third Edition with Supplement. Ed. James B. Pritchard. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1969
COS: The Context of Scripture. 3 volumes. Eds. William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger. Leiden: Brill, 1997–2002
The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, NYU Press, 2008 p. 11 https://books.google.com/books?id=inRKaf_To5sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PT29#v=onepage&q&f=false
Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives By Jonathan Michael Golden, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 275 https://books.google.com/books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA275#v=onepage&q&f=false
Unger, Eckhard; Istanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri (1 January 1916). "Reliefstele Adadniraris 3 aus Saba'a und Semiramis". Konstantinopel Druck von Ahmed Ihsan. https://archive.org/details/reliefsteleadadn00ungeuoft.
Rainey 1994, p. 47.
Grabbe, Lester L. (28 April 2007). Ahab Agonistes: The Rise and Fall of the Omri Dynasty. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN:9780567251718. "The Tel Dan inscription generated a good deal of debate and a flurry of articles when it first appeared, but it is now widely regarded (a) as genuine and (b) as referring to the Davidic dynasty and the Aramaic kingdom of Damascus."
Cline, Eric H. (28 September 2009). Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN:9780199711628. Today, after much further discussion in academic journals, it is accepted by most archaeologists that the inscription is not only genuine but that the reference is indeed to the House of David, thus representing the first allusion found anywhere outside the Bible to the biblical David.
Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (1 January 2004). Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Lit. ISBN:9781589830622. Some unfounded accusations of forgery have had little or no effect on the scholarly acceptance of this inscription as genuine.
Biran, Avraham; Naveh, Joseph (1993). "An Aramaic Stele Fragment from Tel Dan". Israel Exploration Journal (Israel Exploration Society) 43 (2–3): 81–98.
The Philistines in Transition: A History from Ca. 1000–730 B.C.E. By Carl S. Ehrlich P:171
"Discoveries among the ruins of Nineveh and Babylon;". https://archive.org/stream/discoveriesamon00layagoog#page/n159/mode/1up.
Warren, Charles (1870). "Phoenician inscription on jar handles". Palestine Exploration Quarterly 2 (30 September): 372.
"Babylonian Chronicle Tablet (The British Museum, #21946)". https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=320055&partId=1&searchText=Nebuchadnezzar+Chronicle&page=1.
Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell G. Reddish, Lost Treasures of the Bible: Understanding the Bible Through Archaeological Artifacts in World Museums , p. 228. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008. ISBN:0-8028-2881-7 https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj6zVQJz7zYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q&f=false
Sidney Smith, 1924
Aderet, Ofer (9 March 2017). "The Writing on the Wall, Tablet and Floor". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/the-writing-on-the-wall-tablet-and-floor-1.417504.
Charles F. Horne (1915). "The Code of Hammurabi: Introduction". Yale University. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/hammint.htm.
"Code of Nesilim". Fordham.edu. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1650nesilim.html.
van Heel, Koenraad Donker (2014). Mrs. Tsenhor. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-977-416-634-1. https://www.google.com/books?id=eBgnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114.
Veen, Pieter van der; Zwickel, Wolfgang (23 January 2017). "The Earliest Reference to Israel and Its Possible Archaeological and Historical Background". Vetus Testamentum 67 (1): 129–140. doi:10.1163/15685330-12341266. https://dx.doi.org/10.1163%2F15685330-12341266
Theis, Christoffer (2003). "Israel in Canaan. (Long) Before Pharaoh Merenptah? A fresh look at Berlin statue pedestal relief 21687". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 2 (2010), pp. 15–25. doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i4_van_der_veen. https://dx.doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_jaei_v02i4_van_der_veen
Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion, Second By K. L. Noll, P:138
"What's the Oldest Hebrew Inscription? A Reply to Christopher Rollston". Biblical Archaeology Society. 22 August 2012. http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/uncategorized/what%E2%80%99s-the-oldest-hebrew-inscription/.
"Archaeology: What an Ancient Hebrew Note Might Mean". Christianity Today. 18 January 2010. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/januaryweb-only/13-11.0.html.
"Archaeologist finds first evidence of cult in Judah at time of King David". http://phys.org/news/2012-05-archaeologist-evidence-cult-judah-king.html.
Nir Hasson, "Israeli archaeologists dig up artifact from time of Kings David and Solomon", Haaretz, 15 July 2013. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.535792
"Decoded: Jerusalem's oldest Hebrew engraving refers to lousy wine". Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/decoded-king-solomon-era-jug-engraving/.
Hoftijzer, J. & van der Kooij, G. (1976) "Aramaic Texts from Deir 'Alla", in: Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui 19. Leiden: Brill
Stern, Philip. Balaam in scripture and in inscription. Midstream (2002), (accessed 27 February 2009). http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-1796366_ITM
Kaufman, S. A.. Anchor Bible Dictionary. pp. 173–178. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:0PKViXZ2JkAJ:www.nelc.ucla.edu/Faculty/Schniedewind_files/NWSemitic/Aramaic_ABD.pd.
Text and History: Historiography and the Study of the Biblical Text , page 168 https://books.google.com/books?id=_22Q9IaacLAC&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false
See William F. Albright for the former and for the latter Edwin R. Thiele's, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (3rd ed.; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983) 217. But Gershon Galil dates his reign to 697–642 BC.
Grena (2004), p. 26, Figs. 9 and 10
Kelle, Brad (2002), "What's in a Name? Neo-Assyrian Designations for the Northern Kingdom and Their Implications for Israelite History and Biblical Interpretation", Journal of Biblical Literature 121 (4): 639–666, doi:10.2307/3268575 https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3268575
Kalimi, Isaac (2005). The Reshaping of Ancient Israelite History in Chronicles. Eisenbrauns. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-57506-058-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=--IvHbPo024C&pg=PA106. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (19 November 2003). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802837110. https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA273. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson (1 January 2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802849601. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kw6U05qBiXcC&pg=PA18. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Bible.org , Quote: "For a defense of the idea that Azariah of Judah headed up an anti-Assyrian coalition, see Tadmor, 'Azarijau of Yaudi' Scripta Hierosolymitana 8 (1961): 232–271. However, Israelite and Judaean History, Old Testament Library. Edited by John H. Hayes and J. Maxwell Miller. London: SCM Press, 1977 says, 'Recently, Na'aman [Nadav Na'aman. "Sennacherib's 'Letter to God' on His Campaign to Judah", BASOR CCXIV (1974) 25–39] has shown conclusively that the fragment presumably mentioning Azriau king of Yaudi actually belongs to the time of Sennacherib and refers not to Azariah but to Hezekiah. In Tiglath-Pileser's annals there are two references to an Azariah (in line 123 as Az-ri-a-[u] and in line 131 as Az-r-ja-a-í) but neither of these make any reference to his country. Thus the Azriau of Tiglath-pileser's annals and Azariah of the Bible should be regarded as two different individuals. Azriau's country cannot, at the present, be determined.' Na'aman separates the country (Yaudi) from the name Azriau (p. 36). Also p. 28 on line 5 where the original transcription was '[I]zri-ja-u mat Ja-u-di' he reads 'ina birit misrija u mat Jaudi'. However, Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament (OROT), p. 18, is less dogmatic. He says 'Hence we cannot certainly assert that this Azriau (without a named territory!) is Azariah of Judah; the matter remains open and undecided for the present and probably unlikely.' See Also CAH, 3:35–36." https://bible.org/seriespage/1-introduction-and-historical-background-eighth-century
In Search of "Ancient Israel": A Study in Biblical Origins. Philip R. Davies, p. 63: "The reference to az-ri-a-u (? ANET ia-u-ha-zi) (mat)ia-u-da-a is seen by a minority of scholars (see e.g. ANET) as a reference to Azariah of Judah; the majority, however, identify the state in question as Y’di, mentioned in the Zinjirli inscription and located in northern Syria." https://books.google.com/books?id=5D5GNju1-ggC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false
Shoham, Yair. "Hebrew Bullae" in City of David Excavations: Final Report VI, Qedem 41 (Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000), 33
Kantrowitz, Jonathan (3 January 2012). "Archaeology News Report: Seals of Jeremiah's Captors Discovered!". http://archaeologynewsreport.blogspot.com/2012/01/seals-of-jeremiahs-captors-discovered.html.
"The First Extra-Biblical Reference to the Sabbath, c. 630 BC". http://cojs.org/cojswiki/The_First_Extra-Biblical_Reference_to_the_Sabbath,_c._630_BC.
"Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, c. 630 BC". http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Mezad_Hashavyahu_Ostracon%2C_c._630_BC.
Verzeichnis der in der Formerei der Königl. Museen käuflichen Gipsabgüsse (1902) page 20 https://archive.org/stream/verzeichnisderi00berlgoog#page/n19/mode/2up
"Solving a Riddle Written in Silver". The New York Times. 28 September 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/28/science/28scro.html?_r=1&8dpc=&pagewanted=all&position=&oref=slogin.
"The Challenges of Ketef Hinnom: Using Advanced Technologies to Recover the Earliest Biblical Texts and their Context", Gabriel Barkay et al., Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 66, No. 4 (December 2003), pp. 162–171 (at JSTOR) . https://www.jstor.org/stable/3557916
"Biblical Artifact Proven to Be Real". Webcenters.netscape.compuserve.com. http://webcenters.netscape.compuserve.com/news/package.jsp?name=fte/priestlybenediction/priestlybenediction.
Thomas, D. Winton (1958) Documents from Old Testament Times; 1961 ed. Edinburgh and London: Thomas Nelson and Sons; p. 84.
"Lachish letters". Formerthings.com. 10 January 1938. http://formerthings.com/lachish.htm.
T. C. Mitchell (1992). "Judah Until the Fall of Jerusalem". The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC. Cambridge University Press. p. 397. ISBN 978-0521227179.
"PH209961". Searchable Greek Inscriptions. The Packard Humanities Institute. http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main?url=oi%3Fikey%3D209961%26bookid%3D223%26region%3D2%26subregion%3D1.
Friesen, Steven (January 2007). "The Wrong Erastus: Status, Wealth, and Paul's Churches". Corinth in Context. Institute for the Study of Antiquity and Christian Origins. http://www.utexas.edu/research/pasp/corinth/abstracts.html#Friesen. "Thus the Erastus inscription soon became a linchpin in 20th century reconstructions of the social status of Pauline Christianity. Unfortunately, the inscription was incorrectly published and the identification of the two Erastus references is wrong." - Abstract Only.
Gill, David W. J. (1989). "Erastus the Aedile". Tyndale Bulletin 40 (2): 298.
1 Chronicles 21:25, and 2 Samuel 24:18–25.
Luke 13
Allegro, John Marco (1965). The Shapira affair. Doubleday.
Vermès, Géza (2010). The story of the scrolls: the miraculous discovery and true significance of the Dead Sea scrolls. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-104615-0.
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