Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Submitted Successfully!
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic. For video creation, please contact our Academic Video Service.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 handwiki Camila Xu -- 9623 2022-10-27 01:43:27

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Academic Video Service to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
HandWiki. Developmental Psychology. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31899 (accessed on 03 October 2026).
HandWiki. Developmental Psychology. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31899. Accessed October 03, 2026.
HandWiki. "Developmental Psychology" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31899 (accessed October 03, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 30). Developmental Psychology. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31899
HandWiki. "Developmental Psychology." Encyclopedia. Web. 30 October, 2022.
Developmental Psychology
Edit

Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan. Developmental psychologists aim to explain how thinking, feeling, and behaviors change throughout life. This field examines change across three major dimensions: physical development, cognitive development, and social emotional development. Within these three dimensions are a broad range of topics including motor skills, executive functions, moral understanding, language acquisition, social change, personality, emotional development, self-concept, and identity formation. Developmental psychology examines the influences of nature and nurture on the process of human development, and processes of change in context across time. Many researchers are interested in the interactions among personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors, including the social context and the built environment. Ongoing debates in regards to developmental psychology include biological essentialism vs. neuroplasticity and stages of development vs. dynamic systems of development. Developmental psychology involves a range of fields, such as educational psychology, child psychopathology, forensic developmental psychology, child development, cognitive psychology, ecological psychology, and cultural psychology. Influential developmental psychologists from the 20th century include Urie Bronfenbrenner, Erik Erikson, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Barbara Rogoff, Esther Thelen, and Lev Vygotsky.

developmental psychology psychopathology neuroplasticity

References

  1. Hogan, John D (2000). "Developmental psychology: History of the field". in Alan E. Kazdin. Encyclopedia of Psychology. Volume 3. pp. 9–13. doi:10.1037/10518-003. ISBN 978-1-55798-652-8. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofps0000unse/page/9. 
  2. The Life-Cycle Completed (Extended version ed.). Norton and Company. 1998. 
  3. Cloninger, Susan C. (29 June 2012). Theories of personality: understanding persons (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education. pp. 19–101. ISBN 978-0-205-25624-2. 
  4. Snowden, Ruth (2006). Teach Yourself Freud. McGraw-Hill. pp. 105–107. ISBN 978-0-07-147274-6. 
  5. McLeod, Saul. "Psychosexual Stages". http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html. 
  6. Mastering the world of psychology (2 ed.). Allyn & Bacon. 2006. 
  7. Reese-Weber, Lisa; Bohlin, Cheryl Cisero; Durwin, Marla (2011-12-06). Edpsych : modules (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. pp. 30–132. ISBN 978-0-07-809786-7. 
  8. Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). "The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment". Journal of Philosophy (The Journal of Philosophy) 70 (18): 630–646. doi:10.2307/2025030.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2025030
  9. Kohlberg, Lawrence (1958). "The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16". Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Chicago. 
  10. Steinberg, Laurence (2008). Adolescence (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. pp. 60–365. ISBN 978-0-07-340548-3. 
  11. McLeod, Saul. "Kohlberg". http://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html. 
  12. Thomas, Robert McG., Jr. (8 August 1997), "Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles", The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/08/us/joan-erikson-is-dead-at-95-shaped-thought-on-life-cycles.html, retrieved 23 July 2016 
  13. McLeod, Saul (2013), Erik Erikson, http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html, retrieved 23 July 2016 
  14. Sincero, Sarah Mae. "Ecological Systems Theory". https://explorable.com/ecological-systems-theory. 
  15. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (ISBN:0-674-22457-4)
  16. Understanding Children's Development. Basic psychology (4 ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell. 
  17. Psychology. 2. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. 2011. 
  18. Mind in Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1978. 
  19. Yamagata-Lynch, Lisa C. (15 July 2010). Activity Systems Analysis Methods: Understanding Complex Learning Environments (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-6321-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=4nAFT-zyrtEC. 
  20. "Overview of Cognitive Constructivism". http://viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebook/et-it/cognitiv.htm. 
  21. Bjorklund, David F; Blasi, Carlos Hernández; Ellis, Bruce J (2015-10-26). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology". The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Volume 2. pp. 905. ISBN 978-1-118-75580-8. 
  22. "On the universality of human nature and the uniqueness of the individual: the role of genetics and adaptation". Journal of Personality 58 (1): 17–67. March 1990. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00907.x. PMID 2198338. http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/papers/jpersonality.pdf. 
  23. Pinker, Steven (2002). "Chapter 19: Children". The blank slate. New York: Penguin Books. 
  24. West-Eberhard, Mary Jane (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution. Oxford University Press. 
  25. Blasi, Carlos Hernandez; Bjorklund, David F (2003). "Evolutionary Developmental Psychology: A New Tool for Better Understanding Human Ontogeny". Human Development 46 (5): 259–281. doi:10.1159/000071935. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275042203. Retrieved March 31, 2016. 
  26. Goldberg, Susan; Muir, Roy; Kerr, John (2013-04-15). Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9781135890520. https://books.google.com/books?id=x-Oki9MxalQC&pg=PA45. 
  27. Kanieski, Mary Ann (2010-08-01). "Securing attachment: The shifting medicalisation of attachment and attachment disorders". Health, Risk & Society 12 (4): 335–344. doi:10.1080/13698571003789682. ISSN 1369-8575. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698571003789682. 
  28. Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner (2011). Psychology. Worth. pp. 440. https://archive.org/details/psychologysecond00dani. 
  29. Exploring Psychology. Worth Publishers. 2008. ISBN 978-1-57259-096-0. 
  30. A Level Psychology Through Diagrams. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-918094-3. 
  31. Simpson, J.A.. "Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59(5): 971-980. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.971. 
  32. Khalidi, Muhammad Ali (2002). "Nature and Nurture in Cognition". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 53 (2): 251–272. doi:10.1093/bjps/53.2.251. ISSN 0007-0882. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3541766. 
  33. Schlinger, H.D. (2008). "The long good-bye: why B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior is alive and well on the 50th anniversary of its publication". The Psychological Record 58 (3): 329–337. doi:10.1007/BF03395622. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/tpr/vol58/iss3/1. Retrieved 2019-08-20. 
  34. Crain, William C., 1943- (2 October 2015). Theories of development : concepts and applications (Sixth ed.). London. ISBN 978-1-317-34322-6. OCLC 918135643. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/918135643. 
  35. Carter, Linda, 1957- (2004). Psychology for South Australia. Stage 1. Grivas, John.. Milton, Qld.: Jacaranda. ISBN 0-7314-0094-1. OCLC 224074696. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224074696. 
  36. White, Fiona Ann, 1968-. Developmental psychology : from infancy to adulthood. Hayes, Brett Kenneth, 1962-, Livesey, David James, 1948- (4th ed.). Melbourne, Vic.. ISBN 978-1-4860-1827-7. OCLC 904034548. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904034548. 
  37. Computational social psychology. Routledge. 2017. ISBN 978-1138951655. 
  38. "A dynamic systems theory approach to second language acquisition". Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10: 7–21. 2007. doi:10.1017/S1366728906002732.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1366728906002732
  39. "Entrainment to a real time fractal visual stimulus modulates fractal gait dynamics". Human Movement Science 36: 20–34. August 2014. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2014.04.006. PMID 24911782. http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/C_Rhea_Entrainment_2014.pdf. 
  40. Schaie, K. W. (1990). Intellectual development in adulthood. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging, 3rd ed., (pp. 291-309). New York: Academic Press
  41. Demetriou, A. (1998). Cognitive development. In A. Demetriou, W. Doise, K.F.M. van Lieshout (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology (pp. 179–269). London: Wiley.
  42. Amanda Morris et al. (2009) National Institute of Health. "The Role of the Family Context in Development of Emotion Regulation." pp 1-36 [1] Retrieved May 21, 2012
  43. Oaklander, Violet. (2006) Hidden Treasure : A Map to the Child's Inner Self. London, Karnac Books.
  44. "Motor coordination and emotional-behavioral problems in children". Current Opinion in Psychiatry 23 (4): 324–9. July 2010. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833aa0aa. PMID 20520549.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FYCO.0b013e32833aa0aa
  45. "SEL Competencies". http://www.casel.org/social-and-emotional-learning/core-competencies. 
  46. Eaton, Warren. "Physical Maturation", University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Retrieved on 2012-03-16.
  47. null
  48. Laura E. Berk (2012). Infants and children: Prenatal through middle childhood (7 ed.). Allyn & Bacon. 
  49. Developmental psychology : a topical approach. Boston: Little, Brown. 1987. pp. 82–96. ISBN 978-0-316-58561-3. 
  50. Research in development psychology.. New York [usw.]: Free Pr. [usw.]. 1978. pp. 74–104. ISBN 978-0-02-900180-6. 
  51. Marmor, Robert M; Liebert, Rita; Wicks, Poulos; Strauss, Gloria (1977). Developmental psychology (2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 20–37. ISBN 978-0-13-208231-0. 
  52. Shaffer, David R. (2009). Social and personality development (6th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth. pp. 21–36. ISBN 978-0-495-60038-1. 
  53. A Longitudinal Study of Early Literacy Development and the Changing Perceptions of Parents and Teachers, Dr John Worthington, 2001 http://www.jweducation.com/PhDabstractsummary.html
  54. Berk, Laura E. (2018). Development Through the Lifespan (Seventh ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Education. pp. 76–81. ISBN 978-0-13-441969-5. OCLC 946161390. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/946161390. 
  55. Principles of Developmental Psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1994. ISBN 978-0-86377-280-1. https://archive.org/details/principlesofdeve0000butt. 
  56. Infancy (2 ed.). Blackwell. 1994. ISBN 978-0-631-18466-9. https://archive.org/details/infancy0000brem_s1x4. 
  57. AP (1989-01-20). "One of five expectant mothers use cocaine, U.S. study finds". Toronto star. ISSN 0319-0781.  http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0319-0781
  58. Bee, Denise; Boyd, Helen (2011-12-12). The developing child (13th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-205-25602-0. 
  59. Feldman, Ruth Duskin; Papalia, Diane E. (2010). A child's world: infancy through adolescence (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-07-353204-2. 
  60. Introduction to Infant Development. Oxford: OUP. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-928305-7. 
  61. "Assessment and management of pain in infants". Postgraduate Medical Journal 79 (934): 438–43. August 2003. doi:10.1136/pmj.79.934.438. PMID 12954954.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1742785
  62. "Oral glucose solution as pain relief in newborns: results of a clinical trial". Birth 37 (2): 98–105. June 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2010.00389.x. PMID 20557532.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-536X.2010.00389.x
  63. Lefmann, T. & Combs-Orme, T. 2013, "Early Brain Development for Social Work Practice: Integrating Neuroscience with Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development", Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 640-647.
  64. The essential Piaget \. New York: Basic Books. 1977. ISBN 978-0-7100-8778-2. 
  65. "Addition and subtraction by human infants". Nature 358 (6389): 749–50. August 1992. doi:10.1038/358749a0. PMID 1508269. Bibcode: 1992Natur.358..749W.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F358749a0
  66. "Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor's reach". Cognition 69 (1): 1–34. November 1998. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00058-4. PMID 9871370.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-0277%2898%2900058-4
  67. "Do six-month-old infants perceive causality?". Cognition 25 (3): 265–88. April 1987. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(87)80006-9. PMID 3581732.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0010-0277%2887%2980006-9
  68. Siegler, Robert (2006). How Children Develop, Exploring Child Development Student Media Tool Kit & Scientific American Reader to Accompany How Children Develop. New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7167-6113-6. 
  69. "Developmental level and psychopathology: comparing children with developmental delays to chronological and mental age matched controls". Research in Developmental Disabilities 37: 143–51. February 2015. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.045. PMID 25498740.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4314378
  70. Upton, Penney (2011). Developmental Psychology: Critical Thinking in Psychology. Exeter: Learning Matters. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-85725-276-0. 
  71. Massi, Wendy S. (2001). Toddler Play. Creative Pub. international. ISBN 978-0-86573-435-7. https://archive.org/details/toddlerplaygymbo00wend. 
  72. Upton, Penney (2011). Developmental Psychology: Critical Thinking in Psychology. Exeter: Learning Matters. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-85725-276-0. 
  73. Development Through Life : A Psychosocial Approach. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 2011. pp. 215–217. ISBN 978-1-111-34468-9. 
  74. Bernardo J. Carducci, The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications (John Wiley & Sons, 2009), 189.
  75. "Vardhaman I.Q. Toys, "Vision"". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122300/http://www.vardhamaniqtoys.com/vision.aspx. 
  76. Arland Thornton, The Well-being of Children and Families: Research and Data Needs (University of Michigan Press, 2001), 73-74.
  77. Lightfoot, Cynthia; Cole, Michael; Cole, Sheila R. (2008). The Development of Children. Macmillan. pp. 275–277. 
  78. "Child Development: Preschoolers (3-5 years of age)". Centers for Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/preschoolers.html. 
  79. Halpenny, Ann Marie; Pettersen, Jan (2013). Introducing Piaget: A Guide for Practitioners and Students in Early Years Education. Routledge. pp. 7, 9. 
  80. O'Connor, Bob; Wells, Christine; Applegate, Trent (2015). Health: You and Your World. 1: Brief Edition. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 28. 
  81. Barbara Engler, Personality Theories, 9th edition (Cengage Learning, 2013), 142.
  82. Marc H. Bornstein, Deborah Lowe Vandell, Karen S. Rook, Lifespan Development: Infancy Through Adulthood (Cengage Learning, 2010), 299.
  83. Megan Broutian, Milestones, "Your child: early school years (7 to 11 years) stage of development" in Your Child's Development . Accessed October 13, 2015. http://behavioralchild.com/milestones/
  84. "Child Development: Middle Childhood (6-8 years of age)". Centers for Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/middle.html. 
  85. "Child Development: Middle Childhood (9-11 years of age)". Centers for Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/middle2.html. 
  86. "Developmental Theory". https://pages.uoregon.edu/moursund/Math/developmental_theory.htm. 
  87. "The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: implications for mental health". The Lancet. Psychiatry 1 (7): 569–76. December 2014. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)00080-7. PMID 26361316.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fs2215-0366%2814%2900080-7
  88. Kastenbaum, Robert (1993). Encyclopedia of Adult Development. Oryx Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-89774-669-4. 
  89. Twenge, Jean M. (2008). "Review of emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties". American Journal of Psychology 121 (4): 682–687. doi:10.2307/20445494.  https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F20445494
  90. "Socioeconomic position, lifestyle factors and age at natural menopause: a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies across six continents". International Journal of Epidemiology 43 (5): 1542–62. October 2014. doi:10.1093/ije/dyu094. PMID 24771324.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4190515
  91. "Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle?". Social Science & Medicine 66 (8): 1733–49. April 2008. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.030. PMID 18316146. http://www.nber.org/papers/w12935.pdf. 
  92. "Definition of an older or elderly person". World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/. 
  93. Julia R. Miller (2003). Encyclopedia of Human Ecology: I-Z. ABC-CLIO. pp. 242–. ISBN 978-1-57607-852-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=rPcwuEe9MBQC&pg=PA242. Retrieved 4 December 2012. 
  94. "Losing one's grip: a bivariate growth curve model of grip strength and nonverbal reasoning from age 79 to 87 years in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921". The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 66 (6): 699–707. November 2011. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr059. PMID 21743039.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeronb%2Fgbr059
  95. "The Immune System in the Elderly: A Fair Fight Against Diseases?". http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/780507_2.. 
  96. "A program to prevent functional decline in physically frail, elderly persons who live at home". The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (14): 1068–74. October 2002. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020423. PMID 12362007.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa020423
  97. Blanchard-Fields, John C.; Cavanaugh, Fredda (2009). Adult development and aging (6th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-495-60174-6. 
  98. "Age of onset in chronic diseases: new method and application to dementia in Germany". Population Health Metrics 11 (1): 6. 2013. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-11-6. PMID 23638981.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3665482
  99. Woolf, Linda M. "Theoretical Perspectives Relevant to Developmental Psychology", Webster, 1998. Retrieved on 2012-03-16. http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/cognitions.html
  100. "What Can We Learn From Longitudinal Studies of Adult Development?". Research in Human Development 2 (3): 133–158. 2005. doi:10.1207/s15427617rhd0203_4. PMID 16467912.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1350981
  101. "A review of attachment theory in the context of adolescent parenting". Journal of Pediatric Health Care 25 (2): 114–21. 1 March 2011. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2010.02.005. PMID 21320683.  http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3051370
  102. Kopoko, Kimberly (2007). "Parenting Styles and Adolescents". Cornell University Cooperative Extension: 1–8. http://www.human.cornell.edu/pam/outreach/parenting/research/upload/Parenting-20Styles-20and-20Adolescents.pdf. Retrieved 20 November 2014. 
  103. "Academic Socialization: Understanding Parental Influences on Children's School-Related Development in the Early Years.". Review of General Psychology 8 (3): 163–178. 1 January 2004. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.3.163. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108158/1/Academic%20Socialization.pdf. 
  104. "The Influence of Parenting Style on Adolescent Competence and Substance Use". The Journal of Early Adolescence 11 (1): 56–95. 1 February 1991. doi:10.1177/0272431691111004.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0272431691111004
  105. Dewar, Gwen. "The authoritative parenting style: Warmth, rationality, and high standards." A guide for the science-minded parent". http://www.parentingscience.com/authoritative-parenting-style.html. 
  106. "Fathers' Role in Children's Academic Achievement and Early Literacy. ERIC Digest.". https://www.ericdigests.org/2004-3/role.html. 
  107. ""Children with active, involved fathers have better social skills, are healthier, and do better in school", according to Duane Wilson, the Proud Fathers, Proud Parents program coordinator for the Michigan Department of Human Services (2:57)". http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2125328669291708941. 
  108. Bruce J. Ellis, Child Development May/June 2003, 74:3, pp. 801–21
  109. Silverstein, Louise; Auerbach, Carl (1999). "Deconstructing the Essential Father". American Psychologist 54 (6): 397–407. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.397.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.54.6.397
  110. Whiteside, Mary F.; Becker, Betsy Jane (1 January 2000). "Parental factors and the young child's postdivorce adjustment: A meta-analysis with implications for parenting arrangements.". Journal of Family Psychology 14 (1): 5–26. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.14.1.5. PMID 10740679.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0893-3200.14.1.5
More
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Others
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
View Times: 7.2K
Entry Collection: HandWiki
Revision: 1 time (View History)
Update Date: 30 Oct 2022
Notice
You are not a member of the advisory board for this topic. If you want to update advisory board member profile, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.
OK
Confirm
Only members of the Encyclopedia advisory board for this topic are allowed to note entries. Would you like to become an advisory board member of the Encyclopedia?
Yes
No
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
There is no comment~
${ textCharacter }/${ maxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
${ selectedItem.replyTextCharacter }/${ selectedItem.replyMaxCharacter }
Submit
Cancel
Confirm
Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Academic Video Service