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HandWiki. Reaction. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31874 (accessed on 16 October 2026).
HandWiki. Reaction. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31874. Accessed October 16, 2026.
HandWiki. "Reaction" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31874 (accessed October 16, 2026).
HandWiki. (2022, October 30). Reaction. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/31874
HandWiki. "Reaction." Encyclopedia. Web. 30 October, 2022.
Reaction
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As described by the third of Newton's laws of motion of classical mechanics, all forces occur in pairs such that if one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the first. The third law is also more generally stated as: "To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts." The attribution of which of the two forces is the action and which is the reaction is arbitrary. Either of the two can be considered the action, while the other is its associated reaction.

laws of motion reaction force third law

References

  1. Brown, David (1989). "Students' concept of force: the importance of understanding Newton's third law". Phys. Educ. 24 (6): 353–358. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/24/6/007. "Even though one body might be more ‘active’ than the other body and thus might seem to initiate the interaction (e.g. a bowling ball striking a pin), the force body A exerts on body B is always simultaneous with the force B exerts on A.".  https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F24%2F6%2F007
  2. Colin Terry and George Jones (1986). "Alternative frameworks: Newton's third law and conceptual change". European Journal of Science Education 8 (3): 291–298. doi:10.1080/0140528860080305. Bibcode: 1986IJSEd...8..291T. "This report highlights some of the difficulties that children experience with Newton's third law.".  https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0140528860080305
  3. Cornelis Hellingman (1992). "Newton's Third Law Revisited". Physics Education 27 (2): 112–115. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/27/2/011. Bibcode: 1992PhyEd..27..112H. "... following question in writing: Newton’s third law speaks about ‘action’ and ‘reaction’. Imagine a bottle of wine standing on a table. If the gravitational force that attracts the bottle is called the action, what force is the reaction to this force according to Newton’s third law? The answer most frequently given was: ‘The normal force the table exerts on the bottle’.".  https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F27%2F2%2F011
  4. French, Anthony (1971), Newtonian Mechanics, pp. 314, "… Newton’s third law, that ‘‘action and reaction are equal and opposite’’" 
  5. Hall, Nancy. "Newton's Third Law Applied to Aerodynamics". NASA. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/newton3.html. "for every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction" 
  6. Adair, Aaron (2013), Student Misconceptions about Newtonian Mechanics: Origins and Solutions through Changes to Instruction, http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1386034522, "This was attacked by Newton who tried to have the centripetal force on the planets (from gravitational interactions) be matched by the centrifugal force so there would be a balance of forces based on his third law of motion" 
  7. Aiton, Eric (1995), Swetz, Frank, ed., An Episode in the History of Celestial Mechanics and its Utility in the Teaching of Applied Mathematics, Learn from the Masters, The Mathematical Association of America, ISBN 978-0883857038, https://archive.org/details/learnfrommasters0000unse, "... in one of his attacks on Leibniz written in 1711, Newton says that centrifugal force is always equal and opposite to the force of gravity by the third law of motion." 
  8. Singh, Chandralekha (2009), "Centripetal Acceleration: Often Forgotten or Misinterpreted", Physics Education 44 (5): 464–468, doi:10.1088/0031-9120/44/5/001, "Another difficulty is that students often consider the pseudo forces, e.g., the centrifugal force, as though they were real forces acting in an inertial reference frame."  https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F44%2F5%2F001
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